基于BSA-seq和RNA-seq挖掘西瓜果皮硬度候选基因

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195074

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了挖掘西瓜果皮硬度关键调控基因,选育耐裂高硬度果皮西瓜品种。以西瓜果皮硬度差异显著的高硬度材料901和低硬度材料BSH为亲本,构建F₂分离群体,采用极端性状混池重测序接合BSA(BSA-seq)方法进行定位,并结合转录组测序(RNA-seq)数据进行关联分析,挖掘果皮硬度关键调控基因。BSA-seq结果表明,SNPs和InDels关联区域交集位于10号染色体1 620 000-3 760 000 bp区间内共2.14 Mb的区段,包含150个候选基因,其中2个非同义突变基因和1个移码突变基因。将BSA-seq测序结果与RNA-seq测序结果进行联合分析发现,共有Cla97C10G187120、Cla97C10G187020、Cla97C10G187430、Cla97C10G187510、Cla97C10G187280和Cla97C10G186540 6个基因相关联,经生物信息学分析,确定Cla97C10G187120基因为西瓜果皮硬度候选基因。实时荧光定量(qRT-PCR)试验结果表明,转录组试验数据可靠,并且候选基因Cla97C10G187120在901中表达较BSH明显降低。本研究为进一步精细定位西瓜果皮硬度调控基因奠定了基础。

关键词: 西瓜, 果皮硬度, 基因组测序, 转录组测序, 候选基因

Abstract:

In order to identify the key genes controlling rind hardness and breed crack-resistant watermelon varieties.An F₂ segregating population was created using the high-firmness line 901 and the low-firmness line BSH.Both BSA-seq and RNA-seq approaches were utilized to map the genes responsible for rind hardness.The results of BSA-seq revealed an interval region of 2.14 Mb on chromosome 10,spanning from 1 620 000 to 3 760 000,where the intersection of SNPs and InDels identified 150 candidate genes.Among these,two genes showed non-synonymous mutations,and one gene exhibited a frameshift mutation.Correlation analysis between BSA-seq and RNA-seq identified 6 correlated genes,including Cla97C10G187120, Cla97C10G187020,Cla97C10G187430,Cla97C10G187510,Cla97C10G187280,and Cla97C10G186540.Through bioinformatics analysis,the candidate gene Cla97C10G187120 was identified.The result of qRT-PCR indicated that the transcriptome data was reliable.And the relative expression of the candidate gene Cla97C10G187120 was lower in the line 901 than the line BSH.This study lays a crucial foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying watermelon rind hardness.

Key words: Watermelon, Rind hardness, BSA-seq, RNA-seq, Candidate genes

张敬敬, 田鹏, 于洪春, 李冰, 高秀瑞, 刘伟, 吴楠, 赵鑫泽, 宋雪, 刘会茹, 潘秀清, 武彦荣. 基于BSA-seq和RNA-seq挖掘西瓜果皮硬度候选基因[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(5): 63-71. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195074.

ZHANG Jingjing, TIAN Peng, YU Hongchun, LI Bing, GAO Xiurui, LIU Wei, WU Nan, ZHAO Xinze, SONG Xue, LIU Huiru, PAN Xiuqing, WU Yanrong. Mining Candidate Genes of Rind Hardness in Watermelon by BSA-seq and RNA-seq[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(5): 63-71. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195074.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/I5/63

图/表 15

图1 西瓜试验亲本材料

Fig.1 Parent materials of watermelon

表1 qRT-PCR引物序列

Tab.1 The primer sequences of qRT-PCR

基因 Gene	正向引物(5'-3') Forward primer sequence(5'-3')	反向引物(5'-3') Reverse primer sequence(5'-3')	扩增片段长度/bp Product length
Actin	CCTACAACTCAATTATGAAGTGTG	GAAATCCACATCTGCTGGAAGGTG	240
Cla97C10G187120	AGCCGCTTCGTTTTCCACTA	TTTCACCGGAGGATTTGGCA	131
Cla97C10G187020	CTTCTCGGCGAACTCTCTCC	CCGGCGTCGTTAGGTCAATA	244
Cla97C10G187430	AATCATCGTCCCCATCGCTC	ATCTCCATTGCAGTCGTCCC	183
Cla97C10G187510	CTCGGCCACTCCCAATATCC	GGCCATTGCCGTTGTTAGTT	89
Cla97C10G187280	TTGAGAACCGGACCGGAAGA	CCCAACGAAATGCAACACGA	125
Cla97C10G186540	TAGCTGCAGGCATGAGATGG	GTGAGCTGCTGCTTACAACC	114

表2 BSA-seq数据测序质量情况

Tab.2 The sequencing quality of BSA-seq data

样品 Sample	过滤后有效数据 /bp Clean reads	过滤后碱基数/bp Clean base	Q20百分率/% Q20 percentage	Q30百分率/% Q30 percentage	GC 含量/% GC content
901	35 878 991	10 714 703 004	99.21	95.06	35.45
BSH	41 312 412	12 331 557 616	98.38	91.48	35.05
H	56 536 026	16 884 129 450	99.01	94.13	34.34
L	57 055 314	17 040 003 904	99.26	95.42	33.87

表3 样品与参考基因组比对结果和测序深度

Tab.3 Sequence comparison of samples with reference genome and genes and sequence depth

样品 Sample	过滤后所有数据/bp Clean reads	比对率/% Mapped	有效比对效率/% Properly mapped	平均测序深度/× Average depth	至少覆盖1个碱基位点比例/% Coverage at least 1×	至少覆盖10个碱基位点比例/% Coverage at least 10×
901	71 757 982	96.11	89.35	27	99.62	95.72
BSH	82 624 824	97.50	88.77	32	99.72	97.43
H	113 072 052	99.46	90.55	45	99.63	97.39
L	114 110 628	99.54	91.43	45	99.66	97.76

表4 2个混池及其亲本BSA-seq测序SNP数量与质量分析

Tab.4 SNP number and quality analysis of BSA-seq of two pools and parents 个

条目Item	901	BSH	H	L
基因间区Intergenic	88 145	73 191	97 888	98 061
内含子区Intronic	9 542	8 468	11 325	11 330
上游Upstream	19 545	16 431	23 215	23 298
下游 Downstream	14 032	11 515	16 303	16 296
可变剪切位点 Splicing	135	130	160	158
起始密码子丢失 Start-lost	5	5	6	8
同义编码突变 Synonymous	1 147	983	1 353	1 353
非同义编码突变 Non-synonymous	1 306	1 220	1 526	1 525
同义终止密码子突变Synonymous stop	2	3	3	2
终止获得 Stop-gain	18	18	22	21
终止丢失 Stop-lost	5	5	5	5
总数 Total number	133 882	111 969	151 806	152 057

表5 2个混池及其亲本BSA-seq测序InDel数量与质量分析

Tab.5 InDel number and quality analysis of BSA-seq of two pools and parents 个

条目Item	901	BSH	H	L
基因间区Intergenic	20 638	18 595	23 313	23 589
内含子区Intronic	7 425	6 885	8 101	8 067
上游Upstream	15 173	14 053	17 653	17 621
下游 Downstream	10 944	10 021	12 504	12 499
可变剪切位点 Splicing	82	71	92	87
起始密码子丢失 Start-lost	6	5	5	4
移码突变 Frame-shift	147	126	172	164
移码缺失Frameshift deletion	24	23	31	25
移码插入Frameshift insertion	35	29	39	41
非移码缺失Non-frameshift deletion	14	15	19	17
非移码插入Non-frameshift insertion	16	13	20	22
终止获得 Stop-gain	5	7	6	6
终止丢失 Stop-lost	2	1	1	3
总数 Total number	54 511	49 844	61 956	62 145

图2 关联值在染色体上的分布

Fig.2 Distribution of based linkage value on chromosomes

表6 3个候选的 SNP 和 InDel 位点

Tab.6 Three candidate SNP and InDel sites

基因 Gene	染色体 Chromosome	位置 Position	参考 Reference	突变 Alter	突变类型 Type of mutation
Cla97C10G187120	Cla97Chr10	2 681 123	T	TTTCTTCGATC	移码突变
Cla97C10G187040	Cla97Chr10	2 570 629	C	T	非同义突变
Cla97C10G187030	Cla97Chr10	2 564 103	G	A	非同义突变

图3 差异基因火山图

Fig.3 Volcanic map of up and down regulated genes in 901_18 d vs BSH_18 d

图4 生物功能DEGs的前20条GO富集 1.果胶分解过程;2.细胞壁修饰;3.纤维素分解过程;4.光系统I中的光合电子传递;5.果胶生物合成过程;6.细胞壁组织;7.光合电子传递链;8.超分子纤维组织;9.质体定位方法的建立;10.质体组织;11.叶绿体组织;12.叶绿体回避运动;13.对缺水的反应;14.叶绿体积累运动;15.叶绿体迁移;16.纤维素生物合成过程;17.多胺生物合成过程;18.细胞器定位方法的建立;19.细胞器组织;20.葡萄糖神经酰胺分解代谢过程。

Fig.4 The top 20 enriched GO analysis of biological process for DEGs 1.Pectin catabolic process;2.Cell wall modification;3.Cellulose catabolic process;4.Photosynthetic electron transport in photosystem Ⅰ;5.Pectin biosynthetic process;6.Cell wall organization;7.Photosynthetic electron transport chain;8.Supramolecular fiber organization;9.Establishment of plastid localization;10.Plastid organization;11.Chloroplast organization;12.Chloroplast avoidance movement;13.Response to water deprivation;14.Chloroplast accumulation movement;15.Chloroplast relocation;16.Cellulose biosynthetic process;17.Polyamine biosynthetic process;18.Establishment of organelle localization;19.Organelle organization;20.Glucosylceramide catabolic process.

图5 细胞组分DEGs的前20条GO富集 1.核小体;2.膜的组成部分;3.质膜;4.NAD(P)H脱氢酶复合物;5.细胞壁;6.胞间连丝;7.植物型细胞壁;8.外部封装结构;9.光系统Ⅱ放氧复合物;10.亚硝酸还原酶复合物;11.细胞周边;12.网格蛋白包被凹坑;13.叶绿体类囊体膜;14.膜外成分;15.共质体;16.质外体;17.皮层微管骨架;18.皮层细胞骨架;19.网格蛋白包被小泡;20.细胞-细胞连接。

Fig.5 The top 20 enriched GO analysis of cellular component for DEGs 1.Nucleosome;2.Integral component of membrane;3.Plasma membrane;4.NAD(P)H dehydrogenase complex (plastoquinone);5.Cell wall;6.Plasmodesma;7.Plant-type cell wall;8.External encapsulating structure;9.Photosystem Ⅱ oxygen evolving complex;10.Nitrite reductase complex [NAD(P)H];11.Cell periphery;12.Clathrin-coated pit;13.Chloroplast thylakoid membrane;14.Extrinsic component of membrane;15.Symplast;16.Apoplast;17.Cortical microtubule cytoskeleton;18.Cortical cytoskeleton;19.Clathrin-coated vesicle;20.Cell-cell junction.

图6 分子功能DEGs的前20条GO富集 1.转移酶活性和糖基转移;2.果胶酯酶活性;3.蛋白质异二聚化活性;4.酶抑制剂活性;5.聚半乳糖醛酸-4-α-半乳糖醛酸转移酶活性;6.天冬氨酰酯酶活性;7.纤维素酶活性;8.槲皮素7-O-葡萄糖基转移酶活性;9.槲皮素3-O-葡萄糖基转移酶活性;10.甲基转移酶活性;11.镍阳离子结合;12.细胞骨架蛋白结合;13.磷脂酰肌醇-4,5-二磷酸结合;14.葡萄糖神经酰胺酶活性;15.5-甲基转移酶活性;16.逆向转运体活性;17.外源性跨膜转运蛋白活性;18.激酶抑制剂活性;19.纤维素合酶(UDP形成)活性;20.果胶酸裂解酶活性。

Fig.6 The top 20 enriched GO analysis of molecular function for DEGs 1.Transferase activity,transferring glycosyl groups;2.Pectinesterase activity;3.Protein heterodimerization activity;4.Enzyme inhibitor activity;5.Polygalacturonate 4-alpha-galacturonosyltransferase activity;6.Aspartyl esterase activity;7.Cellulase activity;8.Quercetin 7-O-glucosyltransferase activity;9.Quercetin 3-O-glucosyltransferase activity;10.Methyltransferase activity;11.Nickel cation binding;12.Cytoskeletal protein binding;13.Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate binding;14.Glucosylceramidase activity;15.5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine S-methyltransferase activity;16.Antiporter activity;17.Xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity;18.Kinase inhibitor activity;19.Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity;20.Pectate lyase activity.

图7 1 313个DEGs的前20条KEGG的功能分类 1.氨基糖和核苷酸糖代谢;2.光合生物的固碳作用;3.果糖和甘露糖代谢;4.氰氨基酸代谢;5.碳代谢;6.谷胱甘肽代谢;7.乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢;8.淀粉和蔗糖代谢;9.戊糖和葡萄糖醛酸的相互转化;10.氨基酸生物合成;11.甘氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸代谢;12.花生四烯酸代谢;13.玉米素生物合成;14.光合作用;15.磷酸戊糖途径;16.半胱氨酸和蛋氨酸代谢;17.其他聚糖降解;18.苯丙素生物合成;19.黄酮生物合成;20.硒化合物代谢。

Fig.7 The top 20 enriched KEGG analysis for 1 313 DEGs 1.Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism;2.Carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms;3.Fructose and mannose metabolism;4.Cyanoamino acid metabolism;5.Carbon metabolism;6.Glutathione metabolism;7.Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism;8.Starch and sucrose metabolism;9.Pentose and glucuronate interconversions;10.Biosynthesis of amino acids;11.Glycine,serine and threonine metabolism;12.Arachidonic acid metabolism;13.Zeatin biosynthesis;14.Photosynthesis;15.Pentose phosphate pathway;16.Cysteine and methionine metabolism;17.Other glycan degradation;18.Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis;19.Flavonoid biosynthesis;20.Selenocompound metabolism.

表7 6个差异基因表达量

Tab.7 Expression analysis of six genes

基因 Gene	9011_FPKM	9012_FPKM	9013_FPKM	BSH1_FPKM	BSH2_FPKM	BSH3_FPKM
Cla97C10G187120	134.243	128.044	87.503	170.368	183.159	196.403
Cla97C10G187020	0.642	0.529	1.125	1.769	1.874	2.880
Cla97C10G187430	58.839	64.724	42.701	39.130	27.658	38.906
Cla97C10G187510	25.865	25.558	22.007	12.591	12.198	16.062
Cla97C10G187280	9.248	11.721	10.308	21.901	20.634	21.035
Cla97C10G186540	193.472	183.791	162.411	68.575	70.094	89.656

图8 qRT-PCR验证差异表达基因不同小写字母表示处理间有显著性差异(P<0.05);不同大写字母表示处理间有极显著性差异(P<0.01)。

Fig.8 qRT-PCR confirmation of the differentially expressed genes There were significant differences between lowercase letters(P<0.05);There were extremely significant differences between capital letters(P<0.01).

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