摘要：

为了明确氮肥减量后移对黄淮海平原麦-玉两熟体系生产力的调控效应,于2020年6月至2023年6月在山东省农业科学院济南济阳试验基地设置夏玉米、冬小麦周年氮肥试验,分析了传统农户处理(F₄₀₀,周年施氮400 kg/hm²)、周年减氮10%(FN)、周年减氮20%(FH)、周年减氮30%(FL)4种氮肥处理对麦-玉两熟体系籽粒产量、地上部氮素积累特性、氮肥利用效率、收获后0~200 cm 土层土壤硝态氮积累特性的影响,为进一步优化黄淮海平原施氮制度提供依据。结果表明,氮肥后移提高了氮肥减量条件下夏玉米、冬小麦和周年总产,与F₄₀₀和FN处理相比,FL处理3 a均值分别显著提高9.2%~18.1%,13.5%~20.5%,11.1%~19.1%。氮肥后移量改善了麦-玉两熟体系各生育阶段地上部植株氮素积累强度,促进了地上部植株氮素的积累,3 a均值夏玉米季吐丝和成熟期植株氮素积累量FL较F₄₀₀、FN、FH分别显著提高5.7%~12.3%,5.0%~12.8%,籽粒氮素积累量显著提高8.2%~17.2%;冬小麦季,拔节、开花和成熟期FL与FH处理连续3 a地上部氮素积累量显著高于F₄₀₀和FN处理,3 a均值分别提高23.4%~28.1%,20.7%~26.3%,12.6%~20.8%,籽粒氮素积累量FL较F₄₀₀、FN和FH处理分别显著提高16.4%,15.0%和5.8%。优化施氮制度能够改善麦-玉两熟体系氮肥利用效率,其中,夏玉米和冬小麦氮肥吸收效率3 a均值FL较F₄₀₀、FN、FH处理分别显著提高4.8%~57.7%,32.0%~72.4%;氮肥偏生产力夏玉米FL较F₄₀₀和FN处理分别显著提高68.8%,40.4%,冬小麦季FL较F₄₀₀、FN和FH显著提高38.4%~71.8%。4种施氮处理下夏玉米、冬小麦收获后0~40 cm土层均具有较高的土壤硝态氮富集,其中夏玉米3 a均值分别占0~200 cm土层总积累量的40.0%,38.9%,44.9%,42.5%,冬小麦分别占37.3%,36.9%,46.7%,38.3%;随着种植年限的增加,夏玉米和冬小麦收获后传统农户处理(F₄₀₀)和周年减氮10%(FN)处理0~200 cm土层土壤硝态氮较试验起始时均出现了累积效应,而FL和FH施氮处理下实现了土壤硝态氮残留的相对平衡。可见,周年减氮 30%处理下通过增加氮肥后移量,改善了植株氮素积累特性,实现了夏玉米、冬小麦籽粒产量和氮素利用效率的协同提高,是实现黄淮海平原麦-玉两熟体系籽粒高产、氮肥高效和环境友好的较优施氮制度。

关键词: 麦-玉两熟制, 周年减氮, 氮肥后移, 氮素积累, 氮效率, 土壤硝态氮

Abstract:

To clarify the regulatory effect of nitrogen(N)fertilizer reduction and postponing on the productivity of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The annual N fertilizer experiment of summer maize and winter wheat was established of four N application systems:annual N fertilizer application 400 kg/ha of traditional farmer treatment(F₄₀₀),10% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FN),20% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FH),and 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer(FL)from 2020 to 2023 at Jiyang Experimental Base of the Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Jinan.The grain yield,aboveground N accumulation characteristics,N use efficiency,and the nitrate residue after harvest in the 0—200 cm soil layer of wheat-maize double cropping system were tested,in order to provide the theoretical basis for further optimization of N fertilizer management in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.The results indicated that N fertilizer postponing was optimized the grain yield of summer maize and winter wheat under the condition of N reduction,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased by 9.2%—18.1%,13.5%—20.5%,and 11.1%—19.1%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing improved the N accumulation rate,and promoted aboveground N accumulation at wheat-maize different growth stages,and the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased plant N accumulation by 5.7%—12.3% and 5.0%—12.8% under silking and maturity,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH,as well as 8.2%—17.2% in grain N accumulation.For winter wheat,FL and FH treatments were significantly higher than F₄₀₀ and FN at jointing,anthesis,and maturity,and the averaged across the three years,FL and FH significantly increased by 23.4%—28.1%,20.7%—26.3%,and 12.6%—20.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN and FH,at the same time the grain N accumulation under FL significantly increased by 16.4%,15.0% and 5.8%,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN.N fertilizer postponing optimized the N use efficiency of wheat-maize double crop system,the averaged across the three years,FL significantly increased N uptake efficiency by 4.8%—57.7% and 32.0%—72.4% of summer maize and winter wheat,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH;and FL significantly increased N partial factor productivity by 68.8% and 40.4% in summer maize,respectively,compared with F₄₀₀ and FN,as well as by 38.4%—71.8% in winter wheat compared with F₄₀₀,FN,and FH.At harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,the soil nitrate residue was mainly enrichment in the 0—40 cm soil layer under four N application systems,the averaged across the three years,accounted for 40.0%,38.9%,44.9%,42.5% and 37.3%,36.9%,46.7%,38.3% of the 0—200 cm soil layer,respectively.In addition,the obvious accumulated effects in 0—200 cm soil layer nitrate residue under F₄₀₀ and FN treatments at harvest of summer maize and winter wheat,but there was the relative balance was achieved under FL and FH treatments.In conclusion,a 30% reduction of annual N fertilizer by N fertilizer postponing could optimize plant N accumulation characteristics and realized synergistic improve grain yield and N use efficiency.Therefore,FL treatment was an optimal N application system for realizing the collaborative target of high-yield,high-efficiency,and environment-friendly of wheat-maize double cropping system in Huang-Huai-Hai Plain.

Key words: Wheat-maize double cropping system, Annual nitrogen fertilizer reduction, Nitrogen fertilizer postponing, Nitrogen accumulation, Nitrogen use efficiency, Soil nitrate nitrogen