休耕对小麦和油菜田土壤生物学特性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20191839

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为建立以小麦和油菜轮作模式为基础的休耕制度提供理论依据，以休耕后的农田土壤及后茬作物油菜和小麦为研究对象，研究农田土壤生物学特性的变化规律以及作物产量对休耕的响应。2 a试验结果表明，各项指标受气候因素影响较小，均表现为休耕后的小麦和油菜田土壤生物学性状优于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式。休耕后茬小麦田和油菜田的土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性都高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式，其中过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性的差异达到显著性差异（P<0.05）；休耕后茬土壤微生物量碳、氮和B/F值均高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式，土壤细菌丰富度和多样性的差异在2 a间略有不同，但总体表现为大于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式，真菌表现相反；休耕后茬作物生物产量和经济产量显著高于小麦-油菜常规轮作模式（P<0.05）。相关性分析表明，作物生物产量和经济产量与酶活性、微生物量和细菌丰富度呈正相关，而与真菌的丰富度呈负相关。休耕能提高后茬作物农田土壤的酶活性、微生物生物量、细菌的丰富度和多样性，降低真菌的丰富度和多样性，提升耕地质量，增加作物产量。

关键词: 小麦, 油菜, 休耕, 土壤微生物, 土壤酶活性, 细菌, 真菌

Abstract: A study was conducted to determine the effects of fallow on soil quality under the condition of the serious decline of farmland quality caused by continuous cultivation in the black soil,in order to provide theoretical basis for the establishment of fallow system based on wheat and rape rotation mode in Eastern Inner Mongolia. Wheat and rape fields and yield after fallow were investigated comparing with wheat-rape and rape-wheat rotation. After two years of repeated experiments, the results showed that all indexes were less affected by climate factors,and the soil biological properties of wheat and rape fields after fallow were better than those of conventional rotation patterns. The activities of catalase, sucrase, urease, and phosphatase in fallow wheat and rape fields after fallow were higher than those in conventional rotation,in particular, the difference of catalase and sucrase activity was significant (P<0.05). Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen were also higher than conventional rotation. B/F had the same performance. The differences of soil bacterial richness and diversity were slightly different in two years, but the overall performance was greater than that of wheat rape conventional rotation mode. The biomass and economic yield of crops were significantly higher than those of conventional rotation (P<0.05). Through correlation analysis, the crop biomass and economic yield were positively correlated with enzyme activity, microbial biomass, and bacterial richness, but negatively correlated with fungal richness. Therefore, fallow could improve soil enzyme activity, microbial biomass, bacterial richness, and diversity, reduce fungal richness and diversity, improve the quality of cultivated land and increase crop yield.

Key words: Wheat, Rape, Fallow, Soil microbial biomass carbon, Soil enzyme activity, Bacteria, Fungus

中图分类号:

王建国, 路战远, 程玉臣, 张德健, 赵小庆, 武海明, 赵玉河. 休耕对小麦和油菜田土壤生物学特性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2021, 36(2): 81-88. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20191839.

WANG Jianguo, LU Zhanyuan, CHENG Yuchen, ZHANG Dejian, ZHAO Xiaoqing, WU Haiming, ZHAO Yuhe. Effects of Fallow on Soil Biological Characteristics in Wheat and Rape Fields[J]. ACTA AGRICULTURAE BOREALI-SINICA, 2021, 36(2): 81-88. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20191839.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2021/V36/I2/81

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