微喷灌和氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆和氮素吸收利用的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.2016.S1.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 为明确多次微喷和氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及氮素吸收利用的影响，以主栽品种济麦22为材料，设置了微喷4次（S4，拔节期+孕穗期+开花期+灌浆期）和3个追施氮肥处理（N1、N2和N3分别为纯氮45，90，135 kg/hm²），氮肥随灌水等量分次施入，以漫灌作为对照（CK，拔节期750 m³/hm²+开花期750 m³/hm²，拔节期追施纯氮90 kg/hm²），考察了籽粒产量、灌浆期上三叶叶绿素含量和籽粒干物质积累动态、不同时期植株氮素积累、分配与运转及土壤硝态氮含量。结果表明，多次微喷灌提高了籽粒产量，尤以S4N2增加显著（P<0.05），相比CK提高10.5%~24.5%。微喷产量的增加主要归因于千粒质量的提高，2013-2014年和2014-2015年S4N2千粒质量比CK分别提高了3.47，5.97 g。微喷灌显著延长了籽粒灌浆天数，特别是推迟了最大灌浆速率出现日，延长了籽粒灌浆高峰持续期；S4N2最大理论千粒质量、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率均高于其他处理。微喷灌处理灌浆中后期上三叶叶绿素含量显著高于CK，尤其以旗叶和倒二叶表现明显，叶片功能期延长，利于籽粒灌浆和粒重提高。微喷灌处理植株氮素积累量显著高于CK，成熟期表现为随施氮量的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势。微喷灌植株花前贮藏氮素的转运量及其对籽粒氮的贡献率降低，花后同化氮素的贡献率提高，尤以叶片和茎鞘表现明显。同时，微喷灌提高了籽粒氮素积累量和氮肥偏生产效率。少量多次微喷灌使氮肥在冬小麦生育期内主要集中于0~80 cm土层，但施氮过多会导致硝态氮向深层土壤淋失。综合上述结果认为，在本试验条件下，微喷4次在适宜的追氮量（90 kg/hm²）条件下可实现冬小麦高产和氮肥高效利用。

关键词: 冬小麦, 微喷灌, 施氮量, 籽粒灌浆, 氮素积累, 土壤硝态氮

Abstract: In order to clarify the effects of micro-sprinkling irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application rate on grain filling characteristics and nitrogen uptake and utilization of winter wheat,two years field experiment was carried out with the main cultivars of wheat variety Jimai 22 as materials. There were three nitrogen treatments(N1,45 kg/ha;N2,90 kg/ha;N3,135 kg/ha) under the condition of micro-sprinkling 4 times(S4,jointing stage+booting stage+flowering stage+grain filling stage) in this study,the integration of water and fertilizer technology was used,and flooding irrigation(CK,jointing stage+flowering stage,N 90 kg/ha at jointing stage) was designed as control. Grain yield,leaf chlorophyll content,dry matter accumulation in grain filling stage,nitrogen accumulation,distribution,translocation in different stages and nitrate nitrogen content in soil were investigated. The results showed that the grain yield was increased under the conditions of micro-sprinkling,especially in the S4N2 treatment,which increased by 10.5% to 24.5% as compared with CK. The increase in grain yield was mainly attributed to the significant increase in thousands grain weight. In 2013-2014 and 2014-2015,the thousands grain weight of S4N2 was increased by 3.47 g and 5.97 g as compared with CK. Micro-sprinkling significantly(P<0.05) increased grain filling duration,especially postponed the terminal time of grain peak filling period and thus extended the grain filling peak duration;at the same time,the theoretical maximum grain weight,maximum and average grain filling rates of S4N2 were significantly higher than other treatments. The content of chlorophyll in micro-sprinkling treatments were significantly higher than CK,and the leaf functional period was prolonged in micro-sprinkling,which promoted grain filling and dry matter accumulation in grain. Compared with flooding irrigation,micro-sprinkling treatments decreased the translocation of nitrogen pre-anthesis and its contribution to grain nitrogen but increased the contribution of post anthesis nitrogen to grain nitrogen,especially in stem and leaf. The grain nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen partial productivity,and nitrogen uptake index were also higher in micro-sprinkling treatment than in control,and the nitrogen fertilizer is mainly concentrated on 0-80 cm soil layer in winter wheat growing period under micro-sprinkling conditions,which reduced nitrate leaching to the deeper soil. Comprehensively,it was concluded that high yield and high nitrogen use efficiency can be realized under the optimal nitrogen application rate(90 kg/hm²) and multiple micro-sprinkling condition in winter wheat.

Key words: Winter wheat, Micro-sprinkling, Nitrogen application rate, Grain filling, Nitrogen accumulation, Soil nitrate nitrogen

中图分类号:

S365
S143.1

李金鹏, 王志敏, 张琪, 徐学欣, 王云奇, 刘洋, 周顺利, 张英华. 微喷灌和氮肥用量对冬小麦籽粒灌浆和氮素吸收利用的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2016, 31(S1): 1-10. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2016.S1.001.

LI Jinpeng, WANG Zhimin, ZHANG Qi, XU Xuexin, WANG Yunqi, LIU Yang, ZHOU Shunli, ZHANG Yinghua. Effect of Micro-sprinkling Irrigation and Nitrogen Application Rate on Grain Filling and Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization in Winter Wheat[J]. ACTA AGRICULTURAE BOREALI-SINICA, 2016, 31(S1): 1-10. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.2016.S1.001.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2016/V31/IS1/1

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