牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N<sub>2</sub>O排放的影响及其调控机制

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20196577

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N₂O排放的影响及其调控机制,于2023—2024年在河北省农林科学院粮油作物研究所堤上试验站开展大田小区试验。试验设置4种施肥处理:CF,常规施用氮磷钾化肥;COF1、COF2和COF3分别为牛粪源炭基有机肥等氮量替代15%,30%,45% CF处理中的化学氮肥量。研究分析了不同施肥模式对夏玉米田N₂O排放、植株氮素吸收、土壤理化性质、氮循环相关功能基因丰度及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)与CF相比,COF1、COF2与COF3处理N₂O累积排放量分别显著降低39.4%,42.5%,43.8%;COF1与COF2在减排的同时,植株氮素吸收量分别提高45.9%,24.5%,产量分别增加10.6%,11.7%;(2)COF1与COF2显著促进土壤水稳性团聚体(WSA)形成(分别较CF增加12.7%,16.5%),并降低反硝化关键功能基因(norB、norC、narH)丰度,同时增强硝酸盐异化还原成铵(DNRA)过程基因(napA、napB等)表达,促进土壤硝态氮与铵态氮积累;(3)COF1与COF2提高根系生物量及根-叶系统中硝酸还原酶、谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性,从而协同促进植株氮素吸收利用。相关分析进一步表明,土壤WSA形成与关键反硝化基因(norB/C、narH)丰度呈显著负相关,而与植株氮吸收、根系生物量及植株氮代谢酶活性呈显著正相关。综上,牛粪源炭基有机肥替代15%~30%化肥可通过促进水稳性土壤团聚体形成直接抑制反硝化过程并降低N₂O排放,同时通过增强植株氮素吸收能力与DNRA途径可与反硝化过程竞争底物硝态氮间接调控农田N₂O减排。

关键词: 夏玉米, 牛粪源炭基有机肥, 化肥, N₂O排放, 调控机制

Abstract:

To investigate the effects of partially substituting chemical fertilizer with biochar-based organic fertilizer derived from cattle manure on N₂O emissions in summer maize fields and the underlying regulatory mechanisms,a field plot experiment was conducted from 2023 to 2024 at the Dishang Experimental Station of the Institute of Cereal and Oil Crops,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences.Four fertilization treatments were set up:CF(conventional nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium fertilizer),and COF1,COF2,and COF3,which replaced 15%,30%,and 45% of the chemical nitrogen in CF with an equivalent amount of nitrogen from biochar-based organic fertilizer derived from cattle manure,respectively.The study analyzed the effects of different fertilization regimes on N₂O emissions,plant nitrogen uptake,soil physicochemical properties,abundance of nitrogen-cycle-related functional genes,and grain yield.The results showed that:(1)Compared with CF,the cumulative N₂O emissions under COF1,COF2,and COF3 treatments were significantly reduced by 39.4%,42.5%,and 43.8%,respectively.While reducing emissions,COF1 and COF2 increased plant nitrogen uptake by 45.9% and 24.5%,and yield by 10.6% and 11.7%,respectively.(2)COF1 and COF2 significantly promoted the formation of water-stable aggregates(WSA)(increased by 12.7% and 16.5% compared with CF,respectively)and reduced the abundance of key denitrification functional genes(norB,norC,narH),while enhancing the expression of genes related to dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium(DNRA)(napA,napB),thereby promoting the accumulation of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen.(3)COF1 and COF2 increased root biomass and the activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase in roots and leaves,synergistically improving plant nitrogen uptake and utilization.Correlation analysis further revealed that soil WSA formation was significantly negatively correlated with the abundance of key denitrification genes(norB/C,narH),while positively correlated with plant nitrogen uptake,root biomass,and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities.In conclusion,replacing 15%—30% of chemical fertilizer with biochar-based organic fertilizer derived from cattle manure can directly inhibit the denitrification process and reduce N₂O emissions by promoting the formation of water-stable soil aggregates.Simultaneously,it indirectly reduces N₂O emissions by enhancing the DNRA pathway and plant nitrogen uptake capacity,which competes with denitrification for nitrate substrates.

Key words: Summer maize, Cow manure-derived biochar-based organic fertilizer, Chemical fertilizer, N₂O emission, Regulating mechanism

中图分类号:

翟立超, 张丽华, 吕丽华, 张经廷, 崔永增, 马立强, 姚海坡, 姚艳荣. 牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N₂O排放的影响及其调控机制[J]. 华北农学报, 2026, 41(4): 193-204. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20196577.

ZHAI Lichao, ZHANG Lihua, LYU Lihua, ZHANG Jingting, CUI Yongzeng, MA Liqiang, YAO Haipo, YAO Yanrong. Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Cow Manure-Derived Biochar-based Organic Fertilizer on Soil N₂O Emissions in Summer Maize Fields and Its Underlying Regulating Mechanism[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(4): 193-204. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20196577.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2026/V41/I4/193

图/表 10

参考文献 39

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年度 Year	处理 Treatment	根系干物质积累量/(g/株) Root dry matter accumulation	植株干物质积累量/(g/株) Plant dry matter accumulation	产量/(×10³ kg/hm²) Grain yield
2023	CF	9.54±0.05b	241.54±6.64c	11.65±0.41b
	COF1	12.34±0.15a	287.60±9.52a	12.33±0.14a
	COF2	11.77±0.13a	261.85±6.70b	12.88±0.29a
	COF3	10.52±0.08b	264.85±15.11b	11.62±0.56b
2024	CF	10.44±0.25c	260.53±8.49c	10.75±0.23b
	COF1	12.66±0.16a	332.77±4.18a	12.41±0.12a
	COF2	11.63±0.21b	289.91±1.60b	12.01±0.04a
	COF3	10.72±0.08c	299.82±12.71b	10.42±0.36b
年Year (Y)		ns	<0.001	0.005
处理Treatment (T)		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Y×T		ns	ns	ns

年度 Year	处理 Treatment	根系干物质积累量/(g/株) Root dry matter accumulation	植株干物质积累量/(g/株) Plant dry matter accumulation	产量/(×10³ kg/hm²) Grain yield
2023	CF	9.54±0.05b	241.54±6.64c	11.65±0.41b
	COF1	12.34±0.15a	287.60±9.52a	12.33±0.14a
	COF2	11.77±0.13a	261.85±6.70b	12.88±0.29a
	COF3	10.52±0.08b	264.85±15.11b	11.62±0.56b
2024	CF	10.44±0.25c	260.53±8.49c	10.75±0.23b
	COF1	12.66±0.16a	332.77±4.18a	12.41±0.12a
	COF2	11.63±0.21b	289.91±1.60b	12.01±0.04a
	COF3	10.72±0.08c	299.82±12.71b	10.42±0.36b
年Year (Y)		ns	<0.001	0.005
处理Treatment (T)		<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Y×T		ns	ns	ns

年 Year	处理 Treatment	叶片Leaf		根系Root
年 Year	处理 Treatment	硝酸还原酶/ (nmol/(h·g)) Nitrate reductase	谷氨酰胺合成酶/ (U/g) Glutamine synthetase	硝酸还原酶/ (nmol/(h·g)) Nitrate reductase	谷氨酰胺合成酶/ (U/g) Glutamine synthetase
2023	CF	320.4±2.7c	1.9±0.1c	445.7±10.0a	2.4±0.1b
	COF1	360.7±2.2b	3.9±0.1b	405.4±13.6ab	2.9±0.0a
	COF2	411.7±5.2a	2.3±0.1c	442.5±12.7a	2.1±0.1c
	COF3	286.9±9.1c	5.0±0.2a	385.6±13.1b	2.1±0.1c
2024	CF	293.4±1.8c	5.6±0.1c	108.0±3.6b	5.4±0.2b
	COF1	443.6±9.8a	7.2±0.1a	128.2±3.9a	6.0±0.1ab
	COF2	312.3±3.8c	6.4±0.1b	139.8±3.0a	5.6±0.2ab
	COF3	394.2±13.7b	6.4±0.2b	137.8±5.7a	6.3±0.3a
Year (Y)		ns	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Treatment (T)		<0.001	<0.001	0.028	0.01
Y×T		<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.01

年 Year	处理 Treatment	叶片Leaf		根系Root
年 Year	处理 Treatment	硝酸还原酶/ (nmol/(h·g)) Nitrate reductase	谷氨酰胺合成酶/ (U/g) Glutamine synthetase	硝酸还原酶/ (nmol/(h·g)) Nitrate reductase	谷氨酰胺合成酶/ (U/g) Glutamine synthetase
2023	CF	320.4±2.7c	1.9±0.1c	445.7±10.0a	2.4±0.1b
	COF1	360.7±2.2b	3.9±0.1b	405.4±13.6ab	2.9±0.0a
	COF2	411.7±5.2a	2.3±0.1c	442.5±12.7a	2.1±0.1c
	COF3	286.9±9.1c	5.0±0.2a	385.6±13.1b	2.1±0.1c
2024	CF	293.4±1.8c	5.6±0.1c	108.0±3.6b	5.4±0.2b
	COF1	443.6±9.8a	7.2±0.1a	128.2±3.9a	6.0±0.1ab
	COF2	312.3±3.8c	6.4±0.1b	139.8±3.0a	5.6±0.2ab
	COF3	394.2±13.7b	6.4±0.2b	137.8±5.7a	6.3±0.3a
Year (Y)		ns	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Treatment (T)		<0.001	<0.001	0.028	0.01
Y×T		<0.001	<0.001	0.001	0.01

土层/cm Soil layer	时期 Growing stage	处理 Treatment	2023		2024
土层/cm Soil layer	时期 Growing stage	处理 Treatment	${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N含量/ (mg/kg) ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N content	${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N 含量/ (mg/kg) ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N content	${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N含量/ (mg/kg) ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N content	${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N 含量/ (mg/kg) ${\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N content
0~20	VT	CF	19.2±0.5b	11.7±0.3ab	21.6±0.5b	8.8±0.1b
		COF1	25.9±1.0a	13.5±0.7a	30.0±2.2a	10.5±0.2ab
		COF2	19.2±1.0b	11.2±0.7b	25.6±0.4b	9.5±0.7b
		COF3	14.7±0.6c	11.5±0.4b	13.9±1.0c	11.7±0.9a
	R3	CF	14.0±1.2b	7.5±0.8b	11.2±1.0c	6.5±0.7b
		COF1	21.2±0.5a	10.5±0.1a	22.0±5.8a	9.7±0.3a
		COF2	21.7±1.2a	9.9±0.7a	25.9±2.6a	9.2±0.9a
		COF3	15.7±4.2b	9.1±0.4ab	17.6±4.7b	9.0±0.6a
	R6	CF	13.8±0.6b	4.8±0.3c	22.6±0.6c	1.9±0.6b
		COF1	16.7±0.7a	6.8±0.3a	25.5±1.3b	3.6±1.4a
		COF2	16.9±1.2a	5.7±0.6b	35.4±1.4a	4.0±0.3a
		COF3	15.9±1.2a	5.7±0.6b	26.1±3.0b	3.8±0.5a
20~40	VT	CF	8.7±0.6b	6.8±0.4c	7.9±1.3a	7.6±0.4c
		COF1	11.5±0.6a	10.8±0.8b	6.9±0.9a	9.4±0.7b
		COF2	10.9±0.8a	12.9±0.7a	7.4±0.6a	12.1±1.0a
		COF3	7.8±0.9b	11.2±0.6b	7.3±1.2a	12.6±0.5a
	R3	CF	7.5±0.7c	5.7±0.4b	7.7±0.4a	4.9±0.4b
		COF1	10.2±0.2a	8.3±0.4a	7.4±0.6a	7.2±0.4a
		COF2	8.6±0.3b	7.9±1.2a	7.4±0.6a	6.9±1.0a
		COF3	5.8±0.4d	7.8±0.4a	3.1±0.4b	6.8±0.3a
	R6	CF	6.4±0.7c	4.0±0.4b	11.3±0.8b	3.8±1.6a
		COF1	9.2±0.4b	6.1±0.1a	13.3±1.7a	3.0±1.2a
		COF2	10.2±0.2a	4.2±0.6b	13.0±3.4a	1.1±0.8c
		COF3	7.0±0.3c	4.0±0.2b	8.7±0.7c	2.3±0.7b

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牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N₂O排放的影响及其调控机制

Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Cow Manure-Derived Biochar-based Organic Fertilizer on Soil N₂O Emissions in Summer Maize Fields and Its Underlying Regulating Mechanism

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氮循环关键过程 Nitrogen cycle	基因名称 Gene names	丰度 Abundance
氮循环关键过程 Nitrogen cycle	基因名称 Gene names	CF	COF1	COF2	COF3
氨化过程	ureC	3 336.0±45.2b	3 685.5±61.5a	3 729.5±38.5a	3 952.0±142.0a
Ammonification	gdh	1 616.5±37.4ab	1 547.0±35.9b	1 590.0±32.7b	1 719.0±47.3a
	aprA	348.0±24.2b	374.0±13.9b	393.0±12.7ab	437.0±24.0a
硝化过程	amoA	165.5±5.0b	220.0±6.8a	192.5±24.6ab	158.6±5.4b
Nitrification	amoB	436.5±20.0c	581.5±12.7a	510.5±7.8b	481.0±17.4bc
	amoC	0.5±0.5a	2.0±0.8a	2.0±1.2a	3.0±1.7a
	nxrB	1 984.0±14.1a	1744.0±61.3b	1 723.0±50.0b	1 961.5±47.6a
	nxrA	3 812.0±63.0a	3 685.5±58.6a	3 571.5±110.5a	3 844.0±91.0a
	hao	330.0±14.0a	328.5±18.2a	292.5±8.9a	326.0±22.5a
反硝化过程	narG	3 912.0±109.4a	3 585.5±58.6b	3 571.5±110.5b	3 644.0±91.0b
Denitrification	narH	1 984.0±14.1a	1 744.0±61.3b	1 723.0±50.0b	1 961.5±47.6a
	nirK	12 414.5±178.0a	11 585.5±305.6ab	10 800.0±259.4b	11 569.0±506.6ab
	nirS	478.0±15.1a	390.0±19.9b	439.5±14.2b	452.5±20.5b
	norB	2 345.5±48.5a	1 998.0±35.4c	2 108.0±25.0b	2 104.5±130.1b
	norC	332.5±3.3a	274.0±6.2c	283.0±8.3bc	300.5±10.8b
	nosZ	1 606.0±12.4ab	1 690.0±39.7a	1 523.5±27.4b	1 692.5±73.8a
硝酸盐异化还原成铵	napA	1 450.5±46.4c	1 545.0±20.4b	1 646.0±18.2ab	1 712.5±71.7a
Dissimilatory nitrate	napB	166.5±2.2b	197.0±10.5a	183.0±9.3a	190.5±13.4a
reduction to ammonium	napC	414.5±9.4b	384.5±18.0b	426.5±7.8ab	468.0±23.5a
	nasA/C	4 327.5±81.5b	4 208.0±84.2b	4 639.0±29.7a	4 810.0±78.9a
	nrfA	1 430.0±30.9c	1 603.5±22.5ab	1 539.5±42.5bc	1 699.0±46.6a
	nrfH	626.5±23.4b	607.5±26.1b	639.0±9.5ab	698.0±19.4a
	nirA	1 311.0±29.0b	1 429.0±19.8a	1 417.0±27.9a	1 501.0±31.9a
固氮过程	nifA	3 200.0±85.6b	3 297.5±104.3b	3 296.5±61.8b	3 715.0±127.7a
Nitrogen fixation	nifH	14.0±2.4a	16.5±1.9a	15.5±4.3a	19.5±5.2a

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牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N2O排放的影响及其调控机制

Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Cow Manure-Derived Biochar-based Organic Fertilizer on Soil N2O Emissions in Summer Maize Fields and Its Underlying Regulating Mechanism

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牛粪源炭基有机肥替代部分化肥对夏玉米田N₂O排放的影响及其调控机制

Effects of Partial Substitution of Chemical Fertilizers with Cow Manure-Derived Biochar-based Organic Fertilizer on Soil N₂O Emissions in Summer Maize Fields and Its Underlying Regulating Mechanism