摘要：

旨在明确有机肥改良退化黑土的内在作用机制,为该区域化肥减施方案优化与土壤地力长效保育提供科学依据。在2024年玉米田间试验中,设置以下6个施肥处理:CF(常规施肥)、RF(化肥减量20%)、RFH1(化肥减量20%+200 kg/hm²腐植酸肥)、RFH2(化肥减量20%+330 kg/hm²腐植酸肥)、RFO1(化肥减量20%+200 kg/hm²鸡粪有机肥)、RFO2(化肥减量20%+330 kg/hm²鸡粪有机肥)。结果表明:与CF和RF处理相比,RFH2、RFO1和RFO2处理显著降低了土壤容重12.4%~20.7%;所有配施有机肥处理均显著提高土壤结构稳定性,使>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体比例提高了15.9%~39.1%,土壤pH值降低了0.8%~1.2%;与CF和RF处理相比,RFO1和RFO2处理显著提高了土壤碱解氮含量14.6%~28.5%,有机肥处理均显著提升了土壤有效磷和有机质含量,增幅分别为8.7%~36.8%和11.0%~48.9%,其中RFO2处理提升效果最佳。同时,与CF和RF处理相比,RFH2、RFO1和RFO2处理显著提升了土壤脲酶、淀粉酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性18.1%~72.4%。在产量方面,RFH2、RFO1和RFO2处理相比于CF处理提高了玉米产量0.5%~13.9%;有机肥处理相比于RF处理增产16.7%~36.6%,其中RFO2处理产量最高。此外,有机肥处理均提高了肥料偏生产力和农学利用率11.9%~31.1%,其中RFO2处理的氮和磷肥偏生产力显著高于CF和RF处理25.8%~36.6%。综上所述,化肥减量配施有机肥可通过改善土壤理化性质、提升酶活性及肥料利用效率,在维持玉米产量的同时提高肥料利用率,实现黑土保育与粮食生产的协同发展。本试验条件下,化肥减量20%配施330 kg/hm²鸡粪有机肥(RFO2)是退化黑土的最优施肥模式。

关键词: 玉米, 退化黑土, 化肥减施, 有机肥配施, 土壤理化性质, 产量

Abstract:

To elucidate the intrinsic mechanisms underlying the amelioration of degraded black soils by organic fertilizers,and thereby provide a scientific basis for optimizing chemical fertilizer reduction strategies while safeguarding long-term soil productivity in the target region,a maize field trial was conducted in 2024.Six fertilization treatments were established,as follows:CF(regular fertilization),RF(20% reduction of chemical fertilizer),RFH1(RF supplemented with 200 kg/ha humic acid fertilizer),RFH2(RF supplemented with 330 kg/ha humic acid fertilizer),RFO1(RF supplemented with 200 kg/ha chicken manure organic fertilizer)and RFO2(RF supplemented with 330 kg/ha chicken manure organic fertilizer).Compared to CF and RF,the RFH2,RFO1,and RFO2 treatments significantly reduced soil bulk density by 12.4%—20.7%.All organic amendment treatments improved soil structure stability,and the fraction of water-stable aggregates(>0.25 mm)increased by 15.9%—39.1%,while soil pH decreased by 0.8%—1.2%.RFO1 and RFO2 elevated soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen content by 14.6%—28.5%.Additionally,every organic treatment increased soil available phosphorus and soil organic matter contents by 8.7%—36.8% and 11.0%—48.9%,respectively,with RFO2 showing the most pronounced improvements.At the same time,RFH2,RFO1,and RFO2 significantly enhanced the activities of key soil enzymes(urease,amylase,catalase,alkaline phosphatase,and sucrase)by 18.1%—72.4%.In terms of grain yield,RFH2,RFO1,and RFO2 outperformed CF by 0.5%—13.9%,and all organic amended treatments increased by 16.7%—36.6% compared with RF,with RFO2 achieving the highest yield.Organic amended treatments also improved partial productivity and agronomic efficiency of fertilizers by 11.9%—31.1%,while RFO2 exhibited 25.8%—36.6% higher nitrogen and phosphorus partial productivity compared to CF and RF.Overall,chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer effectively improved soil physicochemical properties,enhanced soil enzyme activities,and increased nutrient-use efficiency.This practice not only maintained maize yield but also contributed to the restoration of degraded black soils.Thus,20% chemical fertilizer reduction combined with 330 kg/ha chicken manure organic fertilizer(RFO2)was identified as the optimal fertilization strategy for degraded black soils in this experiment.

Key words: Maize, Degraded black soil, Chemical fertilizer reduction, Organic fertilizer application, Soil physicochemical properties, Yield

中图分类号: 

• S158.3

• S513玉米(玉蜀黍)