增温和有机肥配施对土壤硝化、反硝化过程及相关酶活性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195771

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了明确气候变化和有机肥配施对土壤氮素转化的影响,于2023年6-11月在安徽合肥进行大豆田间试验,利用红外辐射增温设备模拟田间增温,设置2个温度水平(T0:环境温度;T1:增温)和2种施肥模式(SF:单施无机肥;OF:有机肥配施),通过分析土壤理化性质、硝化势和氨氧化细菌(AOB)与古菌(AOA)对硝化势的相对贡献率、反硝化能力和N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比以及土壤呼吸,结合相关酶活性的测定研究增温和有机肥配施对硝化和反硝化过程的影响及其驱动因子。结果表明,增温显著降低了土壤含水率(2.3百分点)、有机碳(22.7%)、全磷(23.8%)和铵态氮含量(17.5%),而显著提高了硝态氮含量(52.8%);有机肥配施使土壤含水率、有机碳、全磷和铵态氮分别显著提高了1.2百分点,26.5%,31.3%,17.0%。增温显著提高了土壤呼吸(26.4%)、硝化势(31.7%)、AOB贡献率(16.4百分点)、反硝化能力(49.1%)以及N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比(10.5百分点);而有机肥配施使硝化势、AOA贡献率、反硝化能力以及N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比分别显著降低了39.3%,18.2百分点,24.7%,16.2百分点。增温和有机肥配施均显著提高了土壤脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶及羟胺还原酶活性;同时,相关分析结果表明,硝态氮含量、脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶及羟胺还原酶活性与AOB贡献率和反硝化能力呈显著正相关。综上,增温提高了土壤硝态氮含量以及脲酶、亚硝酸还原酶、羟胺还原酶的活性,进而增加了AOB硝化贡献、反硝化能力和N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比,导致N₂O损失增加;而有机肥配施可以提高土壤养分,调节AOA和AOB在硝化过程中的作用,减小AOA贡献率、反硝化能力以及N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比,降低N₂O损失,在一定程度上缓解增温的不利影响。

关键词: 增温, 有机肥配施, 土壤养分, 硝化势, 反硝化能力, 酶活性

Abstract:

In order to clarify the effects of climate change and organic fertilization on soil nitrogen cycling,a soybean field experiment was conducted in Hefei, Anhui from June to November 2023. Field warming was simulated using infrared radiation warming equipment, and two temperature levels(T0:Ambient temperature;T1:Warming)and different fertilization managements(SF:Synthetic fertilization;OF:Organic fertilization),and determined the effects of warming and organic fertilization on nitrification and denitrification processes and their drivers by investigating soil physicochemical properties,the relative contributions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)and archaea(AOA)to the nitrification potential,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,as well as soil respiration in combination with enzyme activity measurements.The results showed that warming significantly decreased soil moisture(2.3 precentage points),organic carbon(22.7%),total phosphorus(23.8%),N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N(17.5%),while significantly increased NO₃^--N(52.8%);organic fertilization significantly increased soil moisture,organic carbon,total phosphorus,NH₄⁺-N content by 1.2 percentage points,26.5%,31.3%,17.0%,respectively.Warming increased soil respiration(26.4%),nitrification potential(31.7%),AOB contribution(16.4 percentage points),denitrification capacity(49.1%),N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio(10.5 percentage points).Organic fertilization significantly decreased the nitrification potential, AOA contribution, denitrification capacity, and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio by 39.3%, 18.2 percentage points, 24.7% and 16.2 percentage points,respectively.Warming and organic fertilization significantly increased urease (S-UE), nitrite reductase (S-NiR), and hydroxylamine reductase(HR)activities.The correlation analyses showed that NO₃^--N content,S-UE,S-NiR,and HR activities were significantly positively correlated with AOB contribution rate and denitrification capacity.Therefore,warming increased soil N${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N content and the activities of S-UE,S-NiR and HR,which in turn increased the nitrification contribution of AOB,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,leading to an increase in the loss of N₂O;while organic fertilization could increase the soil nutrients and regulate the role of AOA and AOB in the nitrification process,reduce the contribution of AOA,denitrification capacity and N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio,and thus decrease the N₂O loss,consequently,mitigating the adverse effects of warming.

Key words: Warming, Organic fertilization, Soil nutrients, Nitrification potential, Denitrification capacity, Enzyme activity

中图分类号:

吴旗, 李建霖, 陈杨, 栾崇圣, 汪小宇, 林雷利, 李笑笑, 车钊, 王晓波, 宋贺, 吴巩. 增温和有机肥配施对土壤硝化、反硝化过程及相关酶活性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2026, 41(3): 148-157. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195771.

WU Qi, LI Jianlin, CHEN Yang, LUAN Chongsheng, WANG Xiaoyu, LIN Leili, LI Xiaoxiao, CHE Zhao, WANG Xiaobo, SONG He, WU Gong. Effects of Warming and Organic Fertilization on Soil Nitrification and Denitrification and the Activities of Enzymes Related to Nitrogen Cycling[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(3): 148-157. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195771.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2026/V41/I3/148

图/表 9

表1 有机肥施用和无机肥施用方案

Tab.1 Application scheme of organic fertilization and synthetic fertilization kg/hm²

处理 Treatment	有机肥施用 Organic fertilization				无机肥施用 Synthetic fertilization
处理 Treatment	实物量 Fertilizer	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	N	P₂O₅	K₂O
SF	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	135.0	90.0	150.0
OF	2 333.0	81.0	27.0	63.0	54.0	73.0	97.0

表2 增温和有机肥配施对0~20 cm 土壤理化性质的影响

Tab.2 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil physical and chemical properties of 0-20 cm

处理 Treatment	pH	电导率/ (μS/cm) EC	含水率/% Soil moisture	有机碳/ (g/kg) Organic C	全氮/ (g/kg) Total N	全磷/ (g/kg) Total P	速效钾/ (mg/kg) Available K	硝态氮/ (mg/kg) N${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$-N	铵态氮/ (mg/kg) N${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$-N
T0SF	6.9±0.1a	62.1±3.6a	22.5±0.5b	25.1±0.8b	2.2±0.1ab	0.90±0.09b	324.1±23.0a	4.22±0.25d	3.09±0.17b
T1SF	6.4±0.1b	38.4±6.3b	20.4±0.3d	19.4±1.3c	1.8±0.1b	0.71±0.12c	324.5±11.3a	6.18±0.55b	2.63±0.11c
T0OF	6.4±0.2b	45.5±8.3b	23.9±0.5a	28.8±0.8a	2.3±0.2a	1.23±0.10a	355.1±12.4a	5.03±0.21c	3.71±0.14a
T1OF	6.3±0.2b	57.9±5.3a	21.4±0.3c	27.5±1.0a	2.2±0.3ab	0.95±0.09b	332.0±14.8a	7.95±0.33a	2.98±0.14b
温度Warming	12.462NS	2.582^**	96.670^**	28.682^**	5.730NS	22.273^**	2.105NS	140.074^**	54.489^**
肥料Fertilizer	12.462NS	0.173NS	27.797^**	84.439^**	5.730NS	29.455^**	2.105NS	38.844^**	36.080^**
温度×肥料W×F	3.846NS	26.052NS	0.731NS	0.001^*	0.571NS	1.455NS	2.216NS	5.481^*	2.805NS

图1 增温和有机肥配施对土壤氮转化相关酶活性的影响不同小写字母表示在0.05水平上不同处理间存在显著差异。图2-4同。

Fig.1 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on the activities of enzymes related to soil nitrogen cycling Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments at the 0.05 level.The same as Fig.2-4.

表3 温度与肥料对土壤氮转化相关酶的交互作用

Tab.3 Interaction between temperature and fertilizer on enzymes related to soil nitrogen emission

处理 Treatment	脲酶 S-UE	硝酸还原酶 S-NR	亚硝酸还原酶 S-NiR	羟胺还原酶 HR
温度 Warming	24.321^**	3.552NS	164.041^**	290.925^**
肥料 Fertilizer	77.629^**	3.851NS	80.891^**	107.418^**
温度×肥料 W×F	0.260NS	1.678NS	2.135NS	1.666NS

图2 增温和有机肥配施对土壤硝化势及氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌贡献率的影响

Fig.2 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil nitrification potential and relative contribution of AOA and AOB

表4 温度与肥料对土壤硝化和反硝化过程的交互作用

Tab.4 Interaction of temperature and fertilization on soil nitrification and denitrification

处理 Treatment	硝化势 Nitrification potential	AOA贡献率 RNP_AOA/RNP_total	反硝化能力 Denitrification capacity	土壤呼吸 Soil respiration	产物比 N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)
温度 Warming	24.321^**	65.103^**	13.376^**	84.769^**	131.628^**
肥料 Fertilizer	77.629^**	81.533^**	74.405^**	50.581^**	279.773^**
温度×肥料 W×F	0.260NS	17.570^**	18.305^**	1.340NS	25.675^**

图3 增温和有机肥配施对土壤反硝化能力和土壤呼吸的影响

Fig.3 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on soil denitrification capacity and soil respiration

图4 增温和有机肥配施对N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比的影响

Fig.4 Effects of warming and organic fertilization on N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratios

图5 增温和有机肥配施测定变量间相关性分析对角线的右上角显示相关性系数,对角线的左下方显示相关性加上以星号表示的显著性水平。椭圆的大小代表相关性的值,蓝色和红色分别表示正负关系,P值小于0.01、0.05 表示为 ^**和^*。pH.土壤酸碱度;EC.土壤电导率;SMC.土壤含水率;SOC.土壤总有机碳;TN.全氮;TP.全磷;AK.速效钾;N

${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$

-N.硝态氮;N

${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$

-N.铵态氮;AOA.氨氧化古菌贡献率;AOB.氨氧化细菌贡献率;NP.硝化势;DP.反硝化能力;SR.土壤呼吸;N₂O/(N₂O+N₂).N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)产物比;S-UE.土壤脲酶;S-NR.硝酸还原酶;S-NiR.亚硝酸还原酶;HR.羟胺还原酶。

Fig.5 Correlation analysis of the measured variables of warming and fertilization The upper right corner of the diagonal shows the correlation coefficient,the bottom left of the diagonal shows the correlation plus the significance level indicated by an asterisk.The size of the ellipse represents the value of the correlation,and blue and red colors indicate positive and negative relationships,respectively. P-values less than 0.01 and 0.05 are indicated as ^** and ^*.pH.Potential of hydrogen;EC.Soil electrical conductivity;SMC.Soil moisture content;SOC.Soil organic carbon;TN.Total nitrogen;TP.Total phosphorus;AK.Available kalium;N

${\mathrm{O}}_{3}^{-}$

-N.Nitrate nitrogen;N

${\mathrm{H}}_{4}^{+}$

-N.Ammonium nitrogen;AOA.Contribution of ammonia-oxidizing archaea;AOB.Contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria;NP.Soil nitrification potential;DP.Denitrification potential;SR.Soil respiration;N₂O/(N₂O+N₂).N₂O/(N₂O+N₂)ratio;S-UE.Soil urease;S-NR.Soil nitrate reductase;S-NiR.Soil nitrite reductase;HR.Hydroxylamine reductase.

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