摘要：

旨在研究华北地区小麦玉米轮作体系下,玉米秸秆还田在培肥地力、提高产能方面的作用,探寻秸秆最佳还田方式和适宜还田量。2021—2023年,在河北省曲周县,通过田间裂区试验,对比了玉米秸秆不同还田方式及用量对小麦生长发育、产量构成及土壤有机质含量的影响。主区设2个处理,分别为秸秆切段还田和秸秆粉碎还田;副区为秸秆还田量,4个水平,分别为当年玉米秸秆量的0,0.5,1.0,1.5倍。研究表明:与秸秆粉碎还田相比,2023年玉米秸秆切段还田小麦产量提高4.3%,穗数提高7.6%,收获指数提高1.4%,均达显著水平;小麦秸秆N含量高0.04百分点,差异显著;小麦地上部N、P吸收量分别显著提高10.8%,14.3%(2022年),但秸秆切段还田显著降低了小麦秸秆K含量,降低0.13百分点(2023年);切段还田能够明显促进小麦越冬前后生长,拔节期NDVI值提高11.9%(2022年);土壤pH值增加0.22个单位(2023年)。随着秸秆还田量的增加,小麦产量和拔节期NDVI值呈现先升后降的趋势,地上部小麦N、P、K吸收量呈现显著下降趋势,土壤有机质呈现持续显著增加趋势。综合小麦生长势和产量,秸秆切段处理适宜还田比例为58%~62%,粉碎处理适宜还田比率为29%~42%。在设置试验条件下,玉米秸秆切段还田在促进小麦生长、提高小麦产量等方面有明显优势;将58%~62%的玉米秸秆进行切段还田,可在小麦玉米轮作区域推广应用。

关键词: 玉米秸秆, 小麦产量, 还田适宜比例, NDVI

Abstract:

The aims were to study the effect of maize straw returning on soil fertility and productivity under wheat-maize rotation system in North China,and to explore the best way and suitable amount of maize straw returning.From 2021 to 2023,a field split-plot experiment was conducted in Quzhou County,Hebei Province to compare the effects of different maize straw returning methods and amounts on wheat growth,yield composition and soil organic matter content.There were two treatments in the main area,which were cutting and crushing.The sub-area was the amount of straw returning to the field,4 levels,which were 0,0.5,1.0,and 1.5 times of the amount of maize straw in the year.The results showed that compared with straw crushing,the yield of wheat increased by 4.3% under straw cutting treatment,the number of spikes increased by 7.6%,and the harvest index increased by 1.4%,with all significant difference in 2023.The N content of wheat straw was significantly increased by 0.04 percentage points,the N and P uptake of wheat aboveground were significantly increased by 10.8% and 14.3%,respectively(2022),but the K content of wheat straw was significantly reduced by 0.13 percentage points(2023).Cutting treatment could significantly promote the growth of wheat before and after winter,and the NDVI value at jointing stage significantly increased by 11.9%(2022).Soil pH increased by 0.22 units(2023).With the increase of maize straw returning amount,wheat yield and NDVI value at jointing stage showed parabolic model of first increased and then decreased,the N,P and K absorption of above ground wheat showed a significant downward trend,and soil organic matter showed a continuous significant increase trend.Based on the growth potential and yield of wheat,the suitable returning ratio of straw cutting treatment was 58%—62%,and the suitable returning ratio of crushing treatment was 29%—42%.Under the conditions of this experiment,maize straw cutting returning has obvious advantages in promoting wheat growth,and increasing wheat yield.It can be popularized and applied in wheat-maize rotation areas that 58%—62% maize straw is returned into the soil.

Key words: Maize straw, Wheat yield, Suitable returning ratio, NDVI

中图分类号: 

• S512.1小麦

• S153.6