长期减氮增效对麦玉轮作潮土氨挥发和作物产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195528

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

研究不同减氮增效措施对麦玉轮作体系潮土氨挥发和作物产量的影响,为合理施肥及农业环境保护提供指导。长期减氮增效试验于2016年开始在河南许昌潮土区定位试验站开展,设置不施氮肥对照(CK),常规施氮肥(100N),减氮20%(80N),以及减氮20%配合秸秆还田(80NS)、硝化抑制剂(80NI)、生物炭(80NB)共6个处理,2021-2022年间测定土壤理化性质、氨挥发特征和麦玉产量。结果表明,小麦季,80NS、80NI和80NB处理pH值较100N处理显著提高;80NS和80NB处理的有机质含量较80N处理显著提高,土壤容重较CK处理显著降低。小麦基肥期,80NS、80NI和80NB处理的氨挥发累积量较100N分别显著降低28.71%,35.61%和22.99%;小麦追肥期,80NS和80NB处理的氨挥发累积量较100N分别显著降低14.94%,17.58%,80NS和80NI处理的氨挥发累积量较80N显著提高22.27%,27.69%。整个小麦生育期,不同施氮处理氨挥发累积量占施氮量的1.31%~2.47%,其中100N>80NB>80NS>80NI>80N。玉米季,与100N处理的氨挥发累积量相比,80N和80NS处理分别显著降低37.14%,29.63%,80NI处理显著增加60.83%;与80N处理相比,80NI和80NB处理的氨挥发累积量显著增加155.79%,44.05%。玉米生育期氨挥发累积量占施氮量的5.81%~14.86%,其中80NI>100N>80NB>80NS>80N。小麦产量结果表明,与100N处理相比,80N处理显著减产16.67%,而80NS、80NI和80NB处理产量无显著降低。玉米产量数据表明,100N处理与4个减氮处理间均无显著差异。综上,在试验潮土减氮20%的基础上增施硝化抑制剂、秸秆和生物炭,均可有效提高土壤肥力、稳定小麦产量,但硝化抑制剂和生物炭显著提高玉米季氨挥发累积量,生产中需要特别注意。

关键词: 麦玉轮作, 潮土, 氮肥减施, 硝化抑制剂, 生物炭, 秸秆还田, 氨挥发

Abstract:

The effects of different nitrogen reduction and efficiency enhancement measures on ammonia volatilization and crop yield in fluvo-aquic soil of wheat-maize rotation system were studied to provide guidance for rational fertilization and agricultural environmental protection.A long-term nitrogen reduction was carried out since 2016 at the experimental station of Xuchang fluvo-aquic soil area in Henan Province.No nitrogen fertilizer control(CK),conventional nitrogen fertilizer(100N),20% nitrogen reduction(80N),and 20% nitrogen reduction combined with straw returning(80NS),nitrification inhibitor(80NI),and biochar(80NB)were set up.The soil physical and chemical properties,annual ammonia volatilization characteristics and wheat and maize yield of different treatments were studied from 2021 to 2022.In the wheat season,the pH value of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly higher than that of 100N treatment.The organic matter content significantly increased, while the soil bulk density significantly decreased in the 80NS and 80NB treatments, compared with the 80N and CK treatments, respectively. At the base fertilizer stage of wheat,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 28.71%,35.61% and 22.99%,respectively.During the topdressing stage of wheat season,the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NB treatments was significantly lower than that of 100N by 14.94% and 17.58%,respectively.The ammonia volatilization accumulation of 80NS and 80NI treatments was significantly increased by 22.27% and 27.69% compared with 80N.During the whole growth period of wheat,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in different nitrogen treatments accounted for 1.31%-2.47% of the nitrogen application rate,showing 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80NI> 80N.In the maize season,compared with the accumulation of ammonia volatilization under 100N treatment,80N and 80NS treatments significantly decreased by 37.14% and 29.63%,respectively,and 80NI treatment significantly increased by 60.83%.Compared with 80N treatment,the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in 80NI and 80NB treatments increased significantly by 155.79% and 44.05%.The accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize growth period accounted for 5.81%-14.86% of nitrogen application rate,showing 80NI> 100N> 80NB> 80NS> 80N.The wheat yield results indicated that compared with 100N treatment,80N treatment significantly reduced the yield by 16.67%,while 80NS,80NI and 80NB treatments did not significantly reduce the yield.Maize yield data showed that there was no significant difference between 100N treatment and four nitrogen reduction treatments.In summary,the application of nitrification inhibitors,straw and biochar on the basis of reducing nitrogen by 20% in the experimental fluvo-aquic soil can effectively improve soil fertility and stabilize crop yield.However,nitrification inhibitors and biochar significantly increase the accumulation of ammonia volatilization in maize season,which needs special attention in actual production.

Key words: Wheat-maize rotation, Fluvo-aquic soil, Nitrogen fertilizer reduction, Nitrification inhibitor, Biochar, Straw returning, Ammonia volatilization

中图分类号:

S143.1氮肥

汪政, 尚元一, 王梦宇, 张倩, 张丽梅, 张水清, 韩燕来, 李培培. 长期减氮增效对麦玉轮作潮土氨挥发和作物产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(4): 128-135. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195528.

WANG Zheng, SHANG Yuanyi, WANG Mengyu, ZHANG Qian, ZHANG Limei, ZHANG Shuiqing, HAN Yanlai, LI Peipei. Effects of Long-term Nitrogen Reduction and Efficiency Increase on Ammonia Volatilization and Crop Yield in Fluvo-Aquic Soil under Wheat-Maize Rotation System[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(4): 128-135. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195528.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/I4/128

图/表 6

表1 不同处理对土壤理化性质的影响

Tab.1 Effects of different treatments on soil physical and chemical properties

作物 Crop	处理 Treatment	全氮/(g/kg) Total N	有机质/(g/kg) Organic matter	pH	容重/(g/cm³) Bulk density
小麦	CK	1.19±0.04b	20.41±0.14b	8.00±0.01b	1.44±0.05a
Wheat	100N	1.40±0.09a	21.67±0.58ab	7.99±0.02b	1.35±0.05ab
	80N	1.26±0.06a	21.07±0.31b	7.99±0.02b	1.28±0.04ab
	80NS	1.35±0.05a	22.32±0.27a	8.08±0.03a	1.24±0.08b
	80NI	1.44±0.01a	21.12±0.16b	8.08±0.00a	1.30±0.07ab
	80NB	1.34±0.07a	22.11±0.35a	8.09±0.04a	1.20±0.16b
玉米	CK	1.18±0.06c	20.11±0.10b	8.08±0.01a	1.45±0.09a
Maize	100N	1.36±0.17a	21.83±0.29ab	8.05±0.04a	1.43±0.02a
	80N	1.25±0.02b	20.83±0.29b	8.07±0.01a	1.38±0.04ab
	80NS	1.36±0.10a	22.17±0.15a	8.07±0.05a	1.31±0.02b
	80NI	1.37±0.08a	21.25±2.09ab	8.06±0.02a	1.43±0.10a
	80NB	1.39±0.01a	22.16±0.14a	8.09±0.02a	1.40±0.02ab

图1 小麦季氨挥发通量特征不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。图2-5同。

Fig.1 Characteristics of ammonia volatilization flux in wheat season Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between treatments(P<0.05).The same as Fig.2-5.

图2 不同处理对小麦季氨挥发累积量的影响

Fig.2 Effects of different treatments on the ammonia volatilization accumulation in wheat season

图3 玉米季氨挥发通量特征

Fig.3 Characteristics of ammonia volatilization flux in maize season

图4 不同处理对玉米季氨挥发累积量的影响

Fig.4 Effects of different treatments on the ammonia volatilization accumulation in maize season

图5 不同处理对麦玉产量的影响

Fig.5 Effects of different treatments on wheat-maize yield

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