摘要：

为了探讨不同施氮水平和基追比对安徽省长江中下游稻茬麦小麦叶片生理、源库调节籽粒库容以及产量的影响。以白湖麦1号为试验材料,设置不同施氮水平和基追比(180,210,240 kg/hm²的3个施氮量;5∶1∶4,7∶1∶2,5∶4∶1的3个基追比),通过测定不同源库指标,以期明确适宜的长江中下游稻茬麦氮肥运筹模式。结果表明,随着施氮量的增加(0~240 kg/hm²),小麦叶面积指数(LAI)、花后叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)以及源器官生物分配量呈上升趋势,成熟期籽粒生物分配量和花后源生产能力转化率呈现先高再低的趋势,以210 kg/hm²的施氮量为最高;相同施氮水平,基追比7∶1∶2(基肥∶分蘖肥∶拔节肥)条件下小麦的叶面积指数和基追比5∶1∶4下的叶绿素含量最高,成熟期籽粒生物分配量和经济系数以7∶1∶2基追比为最高。在相同基追比处理下增加施氮量能提高小麦穗粒数和有效穗数,而小麦千粒质量随施氮量的增加而降低。籽粒产量随施氮量的增加呈先升后降趋势,在施氮量为210 kg/hm²和基追比7∶1∶2时小麦群体潜在库容大、粒叶比高、籽粒充实指数适宜,小麦籽粒产量达到最大值。综合高产、高效的选择条件,施氮量210 kg/hm²和基追比7∶1∶2是安徽省长江中下游稻茬小麦白湖麦1号最适宜的氮肥运筹,在此条件下白湖麦1号可以实现最大的潜在库容以及产量。

关键词: 稻茬小麦, 氮肥运筹, 源库关系, 粒叶比, 群体库容

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different nitrogen application levels and base-topdressing ratio on wheat leaf physiology,source-sink regulation of grain storage and yield in the middle and lower region of Yangtze River in Anhui Province.Using Baihumai 1 as the experimental material,three nitrogen application rates(180,210 and 240 kg/ha)with different nitrogen application levels and base ratios of 5∶1∶4,7∶1∶2 and 5∶4∶1 were set;through the determination of different source-sink indexes,in order to determine the appropriate wheat nitrogen fertilizer management model in the middle and lower region of the Yangtze River.The results indicated that with increasing nitrogen application rates(0 to 240 kg/ha),wheat leaf area index(LAI),post-flowering chlorophyll relative content(SPAD),and source organ biomass allocation showed an upward trend.The grain biomass allocation during maturity and the conversion rate of post-flowering source production capacity exhibited a trend of initially increasing and then decreasing,with the highest values observed at a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg/ha.At the same nitrogen application level,under the condition of a 7∶1∶2 base-to-topdressing ratio(base fertilizer∶tillering fertilizer∶jointing fertilizer),wheat plant had the highest leaf area index,while under a 5∶1∶4 ratio,chlorophyll content was highest.The grain biomass allocation during maturity and the economic coefficient were highest with the 7∶1∶2 base-to-topdressing ratio.Under the same base-to-topdressing ratio treatment,increasing nitrogen application improved the number of wheat spikelets and effective spikes,while the thousand-grain weight decreased with increasing nitrogen application.Grain yield showed an initial increase followed by a decrease with increasing nitrogen application,and at a nitrogen application rate of 210 kg/ha and a 7∶1∶2 base-to-topdressing ratio,wheat population potential storage capacity was large,grain-to-leaf ratio was high,and grain filling index was suitable.Wheat grain yield reached its maximum.Considering both high yield and efficiency,the optimum nitrogen fertilizer application rate of 210 kg/ha and the base-to-topdressing ratio of 7∶1∶2 were the best for the rice-stubble wheat Baihumai 1 in the middle and lower region of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province,allowing for maximum potential storage capacity and yield under these conditions.

Key words: Rice-stubble wheat, Nitrogen fertilizer management, Source-sink relationship, Grain-to-leaf ratio, Population storage capacity