长期施肥对旱地红壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193875

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究南方长期不同施肥对双季玉米土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响,依托江西进贤35 a旱地红壤长期定位试验,选取不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥和新鲜猪粪配施(NPKM)、单施新鲜猪粪(OM)4个处理,测定双季玉米成熟期0~20 cm,20~40 cm土层土壤养分、微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性并分析了微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性与土壤养分的相关性。结果表明,长期施肥(NPK、NPKM和OM)显著提高土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性,春玉米时期,0~40 cm土层各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量较CK分别提升了67.05%~159.15%,3.33%~62.37%;过氧化氢酶、磷酸单脂酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高了0.22%~79.71%,9.82%~59.51%,8.73%~82.37%,66.67%~538.89%;秋玉米时期,0~40 cm土层各施肥处理土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量较CK分别提升了36.30%~136.72%,17.09%~47.29%;过氧化氢酶、磷酸单脂酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性分别提高了7.41%~74.55%,22.69%~57.39%,18.85%~58.98%,51.70%~216.67%,其中,以NPKM处理的提升效果最佳。总体上,0~20 cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性高于20~40 cm,秋玉米时期土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性高于春玉米时期。NPKM和OM处理还可以显著提高土壤pH值、有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、碱解氮和速效钾等养分,长期增施有机肥后土壤磷素累积明显,而NPK处理则加速了土壤酸化。各施肥处理均可以显著提高玉米产量(P<0.05),较CK比增加了1.04~15.07倍。综上,有机无机配施(NPKM)是提升土壤养分、微生物生物量、酶活性和产量的最佳培肥措施。

关键词: 玉米, 长期施肥, 旱地红壤, 微生物生物量, 酶活性

Abstract:

To explore the effects of long-term different fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity of double cropping maize in Southern China.Based on a 35 a long-term located experiment in dryland red soil in Jinxian,Jiangxi Province,four treatments including no fertilizer(CK),chemical fertilizer(NPK),chemical fertilizer and fresh pig manure(NPKM),and fresh pig manure(OM).The soil nutrients,microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activities were measured in the 0—20 cm,20—40 cm soil layers at the maturity of double cropping maize and the correlations between them were analyzed.Results showed that long-term fertilization(NPK,NPKM and OM)significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity.During the spring maize period,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content of fertilization treatment compared with CK increased by 67.05%—159.15% and 3.33%—62.37% in the 0—40 cm soil layer.And the activities of catalase,phosphomonoesterase,urease and sucrase increased by 0.22%—79.71%,9.82%—59.51%,8.73%—82.37%,66.67%—538.89%,respectively.During the autumn maize period,the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen content of fertilization treatment compared with CK increased by 36.30%—136.72% and 17.09%—47.29% in the 0—40 cm soil layer.And the activities of catalase,phosphomonoesterase,urease and sucrase increased by 7.41%—74.55%,22.69%—57.39%,18.85%—58.98% and 51.70%—216.67%,respectively.Among them,the NPKM treatment had the best improvement effect.In general,soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity in 0—20 cm soil layer were higher than in 20—40 cm soil layer,and the soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity in autumn maize period were higher than those in spring maize period.NPKM and OM treatments also significantly increased soil pH,organic carbon,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available phosphorus,available nitrogen and available potassium.After long-term application of organic fertilizer,soil phosphorus accumulation was obvious,while NPK treatment accelerated soil acidification.All treatments could significantly increase maize yield(P<0.05). Compared with CK, it increased by 1.04—15.07 times. In conclusion,organic-inorganic application(NPKM)is the best fertilization measure to enhance soil nutrients,microbial biomass,enzyme activity and yield.

Key words: Maize, Long-term fertilization, Upland red soil, Microbial biomass, Enzyme activity

林小兵, 柳开楼, 黄尚书, 何绍浪, 徐小林, 周琦娜, 钟义军. 长期施肥对旱地红壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2023, 38(4): 119-128. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193875.

LIN Xiaobing, LIU Kailou, HUANG Shangshu, HE Shaolang, XU Xiaolin, ZHOU Qina, ZHONG Yijun. Effects of Long-term Fertilization on Microbial Biomass Carbon,Nitrogen and Enzyme Activities in Upland Red Soil[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(4): 119-128. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193875.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2023/V38/I4/119

图/表 7

表1 旱地红壤长期施肥试验各处理每季肥料用量

Tab.1 Long-term fertilization test system of upland red soil

编号 Code	处理 Treatment	单季施肥量/(kg/hm²) Fertilizer amount in one season
编号 Code	处理 Treatment	尿素 Urea	过磷酸钙 Calcium superphosphate	氯化钾 Potassium chloride	鲜猪粪 Fresh pig manure
CK	不施肥	0	0	0	0
NPK	化肥	130	188	95	0
NPKM	化肥和鲜猪粪配施	130	188	95	15 000
OM	单施鲜猪粪	0	0	0	15 000

图1 长期不同施肥对旱地红壤双季玉米制度下土壤微生物量碳、氮的影响图中不同小写字母为同一土层不同处理间差异显著,P<0.05。图2—4同。

Fig.1 Effects of long-term fertilization on soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen under double cropping maize system in upland red soil Different lowercase letters in the figure indicate significant differences between treatments in the same soil layer,P<0.05.The same as Fig.2—4.

图2 长期不同施肥对旱地红壤双季玉米制度下土壤酶活性的影响

Fig.2 Effect of long-term fertilization on soil enzyme activity under double cropping maize system in upland red soil

图3 长期不同施肥对旱地红壤双季玉米制度下土壤养分的影响

Fig.3 Effect of long-term fertilization on soil nutrients under double cropping maize system in upland red soil

图4 长期不同施肥模式对双季玉米产量的影响

Fig.4 Effect of long-term fertilization on double-crop maize yields

图5 土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性土壤养分的相关性图中数值为相关系数,^*、^**和^***分别表示在0.05,0.01,0.001水平上差异显著。

Fig.5 Correlation of soil nutrients with soil microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen and enzyme activity The values in the figure are correlation coefficient,^*,^** and ^*** indicate significant differences at the 0.05,0.01 and 0.001 levels.

表2 玉米产量与土壤养分、微生物生物量碳、氮含量和酶活性相关性

Tab.2 Correlation between maize yield and soil nutrients,microbial biomass carbon,nitrogen content and enzyme activity

项目 Item	春玉米产量 Spring maize yield	秋玉米产量 Autumn maize yield
pH	0.84^***	0.75^**
有机碳Organic carbon	0.95^***	0.93^***
全氮Total nitrogen	0.90^***	0.93^***
全磷Total phosphorus	0.92^***	0.91^***
全钾Total potassium	0.77^**	0.62^*
碱解氮Alkaline nitrogen	0.83^***	0.93^***
有效磷Available phosphorus	0.94^***	0.92^***
速效钾Available potassium	0.89^***	0.76^**
微生物量碳Microbial biomass carbon	0.93^***	0.90^***
微生物量氮Microbial biomass nitrogen	0.94^***	0.86^***
磷酸单脂酶Phospholipase	0.79^**	0.76^**
蔗糖酶Sucrase	0.77^**	0.93^***
脲酶Urease	0.84^***	0.85^***
过氧化氢酶Catalase	0.84^***	0.79^**

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