[1] Wallace R J, McEwan N R, McIntosh F M, et al.Naturalproducts as manipulators of rumen fermentation[J].Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2002, 15:1458 - 1468.
[2] McIntosh F M, Williams P, Losa R, et al.Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2003, 69: 5011 - 5014.
[3] Patra A K, Kamra D N, Agarwal N.Effect of plant extractson in vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo[J].Animal FeedScience and Technology, 2006, 128: 276 - 291 .
[4] Benchaar C, Petit H V, Berthiaume R, et al.Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk compositionin dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage[J].Journalof Dairy Science, 2007, 90: 886 - 897.
[5] Patra A K, Saxena J.Dietary phytochemicals as rumen modifiers: a review of t he effect s on microbial populations[J].Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek,2009a,96 (4) :363 - 375.
[6] Calsamiglia S, Busquet M, Cardozo P W, et al.Invited review: essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2007, 90: 2580 -2595.
[7] Hart K J, Yanez-Ruiz D R, Duval S M, et al.Plant extractsto manipulate rumen fermentation[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008, 147: 8 - 35.
[8] Kamra D N, Patra A K, Chatterjee P N, et al.Effect ofplant extract on methanogenesis and microbial profile ofthe rumen of buffalo: a brief overview[J].AustralianJournal of Experimental Agriculture, 2008, 48: 175 -178.
[9] 叶均安.茶皂素对瘤胃原虫的抑制效果[J].中国饲料, 2001 , 2: 30 - 32.
[10] Hu W L, Liu J X, Ye J A, et al.Effect of tea saponin onrumen fermentation in vitro[J].Animal Feed Scienceand Technology, 2005, 120: 333 - 339.
[11] 王洪荣.茶皂素和丝兰皂苷对山羊人工瘤胃发酵和瘤胃微生物的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2011 , 44(8) :1710 - 1719.
[12] Alexander N, Hristov.Effects of yucca schidigera on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in heifers[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1999, 77: 2554 - 2563.
[13] 李国祥, 王梦芝, 李世霞.丝兰提取物对山羊瘤胃发酵参数 、 原虫密度及甲 烷产量的影响[J].饲料工业,2008, 26(18) : 15 - 18.
[14] Goel G, Makkar H P S, Becker K.Effect of Sesbania sesban and Carduus pycnocephalus leaves and fenugreek( Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seeds and their extracts on partitioning of nutrient from roughage and concentrate based feeds to methane[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008a, 147: 72 - 89.
[15] Benchaar C, McAllister T A, Chouinard P Y.Digestion,ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, andmilk production from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde,quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponinextracts[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2008, 91 : 4765 -4777.
[16 ]Patra A K, Saxena J.The effect and mode of action ofsaponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production[J].NutritionResearch Reviews, 2009b, 22, 204 - 219.
[17] Goel G, Makkar H P S, Becker K.Changes in microbialcommunity structure, methanogenesis and rumen fermentation in response to saponin-rich fractions from differentplant materials[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology,2008a, 105: 770 - 777.
[18] Wina E, Muetzel S, Hoffmann E, et al.Saponins containing methanol extract of Sapindus rarak affect microbialfermentation, microbial activity and microbial communitystructure in vitro[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2005, 121 : 159 - 174.
[19] Wina E, Muetze S, Becker K.The dynamics of major fibrolytic microbes and enzyme activity in the rumen in response to short-and long-term feeding of Sapindus raraksaponins[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2006,100: 114 - 122.
[20] Wang Y, McAllister T A, Yanke L J, et al.Effect of steroidal saponin from Yucca schidigera extract on ruminalmicrobes[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2000,88: 887 - 896.
[21] Guo Y Q, Liu J X, Lu,et al.Effect of tea saponin on methanogenesis, microbial community structure and expression ofmcrA gene, in cultures of rumen microorganisms[J].Lettersin Applied Microbiology,2008,47,421 - 426.
[22] Zhou Y Y, Mao H L, Jiang F, et al.Inhibition of rumenmethanogenesis by tea saponins with reference to fermentation pattern and microbial communities in Hu sheep [J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011 , 166 -167, 93 - 100.
[23] Mao H L, Wang J K, Zhou Y Y, et al.Effects of additionof tea saponins and soybean oil on methane production,fermentation and microbial population in the rumen ofgrowing lambs[J].Livestock Science, 2010, 129: 56 -62.
[24] IPCC( Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) .Climate Change 2007[M].UK Cambridge, The ScientificBasis( Cambridge University Press) , 2007.
[25] Lila Z A, Mohammed N, Kanda S, et al.Effect of sarsaponin on ruminal fermentation with particular referenceto methane production in vitro[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2003, 86: 3330 - 3336.
[26] Wang C J, Wang S P, Zhou H.Influences of flavomycin,ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep[J].AnimalFeed Science and Technology, 2009, 148, 157 - 166.
[27] Hassan S M, Byrd J A, Cartwright A L, et al.Hemolyticand antimicrobial activities differ among saponin-rich extracts from Guar, Quillaja, Yucca, and Soybean[J].Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2010, 162, 1008 -1017.
[28] Hess H D, Monsalve L M, Lascano C E, et al.Supplementation of a tropical grass diet with forage legumesand Sapindus saponaria fruits: effects on in vitro ruminalnitrogen turnover and methanogenesis [J].AustralianJournal of Agricultural Research, 2003, 54: 703 - 713.
[29] Hristov A N, Ivan M, Neill L, et al.Evaluation of severalpotential bioactive agents for reducing protozoal activityin vitro[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2003,105: 163 - 184.
[30] Newbold C J, Hassan S M E, Wang J, et al.Influence offoliage from African multipurpose tree on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria[J].British Journal of Nutrition, 1997, 78: 237 - 249.
[31] Makkar H P S, Blummel M, Becker K.In vitro effectsand interaction between tannins and saponins and fate oftannins in the rumen[J].Journal of the Science of Foodand Agriculture, 1995, 69: 481 - 493.
[32] Monforte-Briceno G E, Sandoval-Castro C A, RamirezAviles L, et al.Defaunating capacity of tropical foddertrees: effects of polyethylene glycol and its relationshipto in vitro gas production[J].Animal Feed Science andTechnology, 2005: 123 - 124, 313 - 327.
[33] Tan H Y, Sieo C C, Abdullah N, et al.Effects of condensed tannins from Leucaena on methane production,rumen fermentation andpopulations of methanogens andprotozoa in vitro[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2011 , 169: 185 - 193.
[34] Animut G, Goetsch A L, Puchala R, et al.Methane emission by goats consuming different sources of condensedtannins [J].Animal Feed Science and Technology,2008a, 144: 228 - 241 .
[35] Salem H B, Nefzaoui A, Salem L B, et al.Effect of Acacia cyanophylla Lindl foliage supply on intake and digestion by sheep fed lucern hay-based diets[J].AnimalFeed Science and Technology, 1997, 68: 101 - 113.
[36] Vasta V, Yá ez-Ruiz D R, Mele M, et al.Bacterial andProtozoal Communities and Fatty Acid Profile in the Rumen of Sheep Fed a Diet Containing Added Tannins [J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2010,76: 2549 - 2555.
[37] Heins Y, Tagari H, Volcani R.Effect of water extracts ofcarob pods, tannic acid, and their derivatives on the morphology and growth of micro-organisms[J].Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 1964, 12: 204 - 209.
[38] Smith A H, Zoetendal E G, Mackie R I.Bacterial mechanisms to overcome inhibitory effects of dietary tannins [J].Microbial Ecology, 2005, 50: 197 - 205.
[39] Min B R, Attwood G T, McNabb W C, et al.The effect ofcondensed tannins from Lotus corniculatus on the proteo lytic activities and growth of rumen bacteria[J].AnimalFeed Science and Technology, 2005, 121 : 45 - 58.
[40] Jones G A, McAllister T A, Muir A D, et al.Effects ofsainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) condensed tanninson growth and proteolysis by four strains of ruminal bacterium[J].Applied and Environmental Microbiology,1994, 60: 1374 - 1378.
[41] McSweeney C S, Palmer B, Bunch R, et al.Effect of thetropical forage calliandra on microbial protein synthesisand ecology in the rumen[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2001 , 90: 78 - 88.
[42] Muhammed S, Stewart C S, Acamovic T.Effects of tannicacid, ellagic acid, gallic acid and catchin on cellulosedegradation by the rumen fungus Neocallimastix frontalisstrain RE1 [J].Animal Science, 1995, 60: 550A( Abst) .
[43] Paul S S, Kamra D N, Sastry V R B, et al.Effect of phenolic monomers on biomass and hydrolytic enzyme activities of an anaerobic fungus isolated from wild nil gai(Baselophus tragocamelus) [J].Letters in Applied Microbiology, 2003, 36: 377 - 381 .
[44] Bhatta R, Uyeno Y, Tajima K, et al.Difference in the nature of tannins on in vitro ruminal methane and volatilefatty acid production and on methanogenic archaea andprotozoal populations [J].Journal of Dairy Science,2009, 92: 5512 - 5522.
[45] Animut G, Puchala R, Goetsch A L, et al.Methane emission by goats consuming diets with different levels ofcondensed tannins from lespedeza[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2008b, 144(3 /4) : 212 - 227.
[46] Singh B, Chaudhary L C, Agarwal N, et al.Effect of Feeding Ficus infectoria Leaves on Rumen Microbial Profileand Nutrient Utilization in Goats[J].Asian-AustralasianJournal of Animal Sciences, 2011 , 24(6) : 810 - 817.
[47] Getachew G, Pittroff W, DePeters E J.et al.Influence oftannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serummetabolites and nitrogen balance insheep[J].Animal, 2008, 2 (3) : 381 - 390.
[48] Patra A K.Inhibition of ciliate protozoa and stimulationof fiber degrading microbes in the rumen of buffaloes byplant secondary metabolites[D].Ph D thesis, IndianVeterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 2004.
[49] Ando S, Nishida T, Ishida M, et al.Effect of peppermintfeeding on the digestibility, ruminal fermentation andprotozoa[J].Livestock Production Science, 2003, 82:245 - 248.
[50] Cardozo P W, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, et al.Effects of alfalfa extract, anise, capsicum, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and proteindegradation in beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet [J].Journal of Animal Science, 2006, 84: 2801 - 2808.
[51] Duval S M, McEwan N R, Graham R C, et al.Effect of ablend of essential oil compounds on the colonization ofstarch-rich substrates by bacteria in the rumen[J].Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2007, 103: 2132 - 2141 .
[52] Agarwal N, Shekhar C, Kumar R, et al.Effect of peppermint ( Mentha piperita) oil on in vitro methanogenesisand fermentation of feed with buffalo rumen liquor[J].Animal Feed Science and Technology, 2009, 148: 321 -327.
[53] Busquet M, Calsamiglia S, Ferret A, et al.Effect of garlicoil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation[J].Journal of Dairy Science, 2005, 88: 4393 -4404.
[54] Ohene-Adjei S, Chaves A V, McAllister T A, et al.Evidence of increased diversity of methanogenic archaeawith plant extract supplementation[J].Microbial Ecology, 2008, 56: 234 - 242.
[55] Williams Y J, Popovski S, Rea S M, et al.A vaccine against rumen methanogens can alter the composition ofarchaeal populations [J].Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology, 2009, 75: 1860 - 1866. |