Desalinization Effects of Long-term Cattle Manure Application in Saline-sodic Soils on the Songnen Plain

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192705

Abstract

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of cattle manure on soil salinity and sodicity on the sodic soil in long-term experiments,the experiments were performed in a randomized complete block design with four treatments;soils that received manure applications for 8,12,18 years were used as the experimental treatments,and soil that did not receive cattle manure application was used as the control treatment(CK).The results showed that the application of cattle manure to saline-sodic soil resulted in a reduction in the bicarbonate ion(HCO₃^-)contents,the elimination of carbonate ions(CO₃^2-),the decrease in soil bulk density(ρ_b),the increases in soil porosity(f_t)and soil organic matter(SOM),the decreases in the exchangeable and soluble sodium ion (Na⁺)contents associated with increases in the exchangeable calcium ion(Ca²⁺),soluble potassium ion(K⁺),and magnesium ion(Mg²⁺)contents compared to those in untreated soil.The soil exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP)and pH were both significantly and positively correlated with the exchangeable Na⁺ and HCO₃^-,and CO₃^2- contents,and soil pH was significantly and negatively correlated with SOM.Regression analysis showed that the dominant factors affecting the sodium absorption ratio(SAR)were the soluble Mg²⁺ and Na⁺ contents in the soil.Pearson correlation analysis showed that there were significantly negative correlation between the accumulated amount of cattle manure among the indicators of soil salinization degree,such as pH,EC,ESP and SAR.It was concluded that long-term manure application significantly decreased the soil pH,ESP,electrical conductivity(EC)and SAR due to the replacement of soil colloidal Na⁺ with Ca²⁺,the leaching of soil soluble salts from the topsoil and changes in the soil soluble salt ion composition.These outcomes were likely due to the decrease of ρ_b associated with increase of f_t and Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ contents caused by annual manure application.

Key words: Cattle manure, Long-term experimentation, Solonetz, Exchangeable cations, Soluble salt, Soil sodicity

WANG Yong, MENG Qingfeng. Desalinization Effects of Long-term Cattle Manure Application in Saline-sodic Soils on the Songnen Plain[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(2): 142-151. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192705.

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Figures/Tables 10

Fig.1 Effects of manure application on soil pH across all treatments
Within a soil depth,different letters indicate significant differences using Duncan test at P<0.05.The same as Fig.2—5.

Fig.2 Effects of manure application on electrical conductivity(EC) across all treatments

Fig.3 Effects of manure application on exchangeable sodium percentage(ESP) across all treatments

Tab.1 Effects of manure application on exchangeable cations across all treatmentscmol/kg

Depths/cm	Treatments	N $a Exc +$	$K Exc +$	C $a Exc 2 +$	M $g Exc 2 +$
0—20	CK	12.91±2.54a	0.67±0.19c	10.84±0.97d	7.86±1.01c
	T8	2.14±1.04bc	3.16±0.38a	17.62±0.81b	14.79±0.77a
	T12	0.53±0.04c	0.79±0.03c	21.61±0.24a	12.67±0.10b
	T18	0.67±0.35c	0.72±0.04c	20.99±0.65a	8.16±0.18c
20—40	CK	12.75±2.51a	0.76±0.09b	10.10±3.02d	12.37±1.78b
	T8	2.27±0.73c	2.38±0.46a	17.62±1.34b	14.50±0.86a
	T12	0.56±0.03c	0.60±0.09b	22.39±0.35a	12.17±0.13b
	T18	0.47±0.07c	0.61±0.07b	16.73±0.70bc	8.05±0.38c
40—60	CK	13.02±0.26a	0.68±0.22abc	15.14±3.57c	7.75±0.80c
	T8	3.20±1.18b	0.97±0.31a	22.35±2.82ab	14.26±0.31b
	T12	0.65±0.08c	0.42±0.03a	24.91±1.35a	13.28±0.76b
	T18	0.52±0.03c	0.52±.012bc	18.50±1.15bc	7.35±0.66c

Tab.1 Effects of manure application on exchangeable cations across all treatmentscmol/kg

Depths/cm	Treatments	N $a Exc +$	$K Exc +$	C $a Exc 2 +$	M $g Exc 2 +$
0—20	CK	12.91±2.54a	0.67±0.19c	10.84±0.97d	7.86±1.01c
	T8	2.14±1.04bc	3.16±0.38a	17.62±0.81b	14.79±0.77a
	T12	0.53±0.04c	0.79±0.03c	21.61±0.24a	12.67±0.10b
	T18	0.67±0.35c	0.72±0.04c	20.99±0.65a	8.16±0.18c
20—40	CK	12.75±2.51a	0.76±0.09b	10.10±3.02d	12.37±1.78b
	T8	2.27±0.73c	2.38±0.46a	17.62±1.34b	14.50±0.86a
	T12	0.56±0.03c	0.60±0.09b	22.39±0.35a	12.17±0.13b
	T18	0.47±0.07c	0.61±0.07b	16.73±0.70bc	8.05±0.38c
40—60	CK	13.02±0.26a	0.68±0.22abc	15.14±3.57c	7.75±0.80c
	T8	3.20±1.18b	0.97±0.31a	22.35±2.82ab	14.26±0.31b
	T12	0.65±0.08c	0.42±0.03a	24.91±1.35a	13.28±0.76b
	T18	0.52±0.03c	0.52±.012bc	18.50±1.15bc	7.35±0.66c

Tab.2 Effects of manure application on soluble cations across all treatmentsmg/kg

Depths/cm	Treatments	K⁺	Ca²⁺	Na⁺	Mg²⁺
0—20	CK	122.43±33.39a	302.44±34.38b	1 080.09±193.01a	23.51±1.74b
	T8	92.09±18.91a	333.22±76.07b	240.92±117.65bc	48.83±7.93a
	T12	14.19±1.53b	639.83±141.83a	50.72±7.02c	45.48±21.58a
	T18	13.68±1.37b	276.10±3.29b	28.02±3.31c	40.09±17.11b
20—40	CK	223.17±15.44a	264.67±66.96c	1 571.34±1 013.48a	31.67±3.29c
	T8	54.64±4.63b	405.57±34.90abc	381.93±292.11b	46.17±5.01b
	T12	10.43±0.75d	576.98±49.90a	59.61±7.47b	34.18±1.24c
	T18	10.33±1.50d	340.83±41.21bc	29.83±2.01b	23.42±1.15d
40—60	CK	261.16±50.98a	458.92±363.21a	1 721.07±768.15a	46.47±33.22a
	T8	17.33±6.34b	392.27±84.17a	528.20±457.56b	39.13±9.30a
	T12	8.18±0.28b	573.17±21.61a	48.26±5.46b	33.65±2.34a
	T18	8.47±1.98b	373.20±25.75a	24.97±4.28b	20.25±3.18a

Tab.3 Effects of manure application on soluble anions across all treatmentsmg/kg

Depths/cm	Treatments	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	Cl^-	S $O 4 2 -$
0—20	CK	3.09±0.18	22.29±9.28a	8.36±1.78a	1.26±0.42b
	T8	—	8.08±1.75b	5.92±1.36b	1.74±0.42b
	T12	—	9.60±3.50b	4.73±1.43b	4.50±1.71a
	T18	—	5.86±0.35b	5.03±0.68b	0.62±0.21b
20—40	CK	10.44±6.83	28.04±16.08a	8.42±0.75abc	8.64±2.54a
	T8	—	7.58±1.52b	9.61±4.38ab	2.24±0.32bc
	T12	—	9.19±0.17b	5.47±0.51bc	3.58±0.34b
	T18	—	5.46±1.05b	3.55±0.44c	1.16±0.25c
40—60	CK	10.44±6.83	45.17±13.80a	26.92±19.87a	14.13±5.41a
	T8	—	19.71±10.93b	15.53±0.89ab	12.07±1.19a
	T12	—	11.62±3.16b	3.99±0.44b	3.50±0.35b
	T18	—	6.27±1.26b	3.70±0.26b	1.56±0.08b

Tab.3 Effects of manure application on soluble anions across all treatmentsmg/kg

Depths/cm	Treatments	C $O 3 2 -$	HC $O 3 -$	Cl^-	S $O 4 2 -$
0—20	CK	3.09±0.18	22.29±9.28a	8.36±1.78a	1.26±0.42b
	T8	—	8.08±1.75b	5.92±1.36b	1.74±0.42b
	T12	—	9.60±3.50b	4.73±1.43b	4.50±1.71a
	T18	—	5.86±0.35b	5.03±0.68b	0.62±0.21b
20—40	CK	10.44±6.83	28.04±16.08a	8.42±0.75abc	8.64±2.54a
	T8	—	7.58±1.52b	9.61±4.38ab	2.24±0.32bc
	T12	—	9.19±0.17b	5.47±0.51bc	3.58±0.34b
	T18	—	5.46±1.05b	3.55±0.44c	1.16±0.25c
40—60	CK	10.44±6.83	45.17±13.80a	26.92±19.87a	14.13±5.41a
	T8	—	19.71±10.93b	15.53±0.89ab	12.07±1.19a
	T12	—	11.62±3.16b	3.99±0.44b	3.50±0.35b
	T18	—	6.27±1.26b	3.70±0.26b	1.56±0.08b

Fig.4 Effects of manure application sodium adsorption ratio(SAR)across all treatments

Fig.5 Effects of manure application soil organic matter(SOM)across all treatments

Tab.4 Effects of manure application on soil bulk density and total porosity across all treatments

Depths/cm	Treatments	Soil bulk density/ (g/cm³)	Total porosity/%
0—20	CK	1.19±0.13a	55.20±5.13b
	T8	1.09±0.04ab	58.91±1.54ab
	T12	1.05±0.07ab	60.56±2.64ab
	T18	0.95±0.09b	64.33±3.42a
20—40	CK	1.38±0.08a	47.93±3.02c
	T8	1.22±0.07b	53.87±2.49b
	T12	1.07±0.07c	59.58±2.50a
	T18	1.05±0.09c	60.48±3.22a
40—60	CK	1.20±0.16a	54.85±6.14a
	T8	1.18±0.22a	55.56±8.34a
	T12	1.21±0.02a	54.18±0.85a
	T18	1.29±0.12a	51.48±4.37a

Tab.5 Relationships between soil indexes

Items	CM	pH	EC	SAR	HC $O 3 -$ +C $O 3 2 -$	SOM	N $a Exc +$	ESP	ρ_b	f_t
CM	1.00
pH	-0.80^**	1.00
EC	-0.60^**	0.73^**	1.00
SAR	-0.75^**	0.90^**	0.85^**	1.00
HC $O 3 -$ +C $O 3 2 -$	-0.67^**	0.78^**	0.33	0.65^**	1.00
SOM	0.27	-0.64^**	-0.35	-0.59^**	-0.32^**	1.00
N $a Exc +$	-0.87^**	0.91^**	0.62^**	0.89^**	0.76^**	-0.58^**	1.00
ESP	-0.84^**	0.91^**	0.57^**	0.84^**	0.79^**	-0.53^**	0.97^**	1.00
ρ_b	-0.76^**	0.66^**	0.61^**	0.71^**	0.08	-0.28	0.71^**	0.65^**	1.00
f_t	0.75^**	-0.65^**	-0.61^**	-0.70^**	-0.06	0.27	-0.70^**	-0.65^**	-1.00^**	1.00

Tab.5 Relationships between soil indexes

Items	CM	pH	EC	SAR	HC $O 3 -$ +C $O 3 2 -$	SOM	N $a Exc +$	ESP	ρ_b	f_t
CM	1.00
pH	-0.80^**	1.00
EC	-0.60^**	0.73^**	1.00
SAR	-0.75^**	0.90^**	0.85^**	1.00
HC $O 3 -$ +C $O 3 2 -$	-0.67^**	0.78^**	0.33	0.65^**	1.00
SOM	0.27	-0.64^**	-0.35	-0.59^**	-0.32^**	1.00
N $a Exc +$	-0.87^**	0.91^**	0.62^**	0.89^**	0.76^**	-0.58^**	1.00
ESP	-0.84^**	0.91^**	0.57^**	0.84^**	0.79^**	-0.53^**	0.97^**	1.00
ρ_b	-0.76^**	0.66^**	0.61^**	0.71^**	0.08	-0.28	0.71^**	0.65^**	1.00
f_t	0.75^**	-0.65^**	-0.61^**	-0.70^**	-0.06	0.27	-0.70^**	-0.65^**	-1.00^**	1.00

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