摘要：

研究不同有机肥施用量下土壤真菌群落构成、多样性及功能特性,旨在为合理增施有机肥和保障玉米田土壤生态健康发展提供理论依据。采用大田施肥试验,共设置4个处理,使用高通量测序和FUNGuild对不同施肥量下土壤真菌多样性、结构及功能群进行分析。结果表明:增施有机肥能够提高土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾、脲酶、过氧化氢酶等的含量,且与有机肥的施用量呈正相关;施用有机肥能够提高土壤真菌群落的多样性,降低真菌群落丰富度;从真菌门水平看,不同施肥量下土壤中真菌群落占主导地位的为子囊菌门、毛霉菌门、担子菌门和卵菌门,与不施有机肥的对照相比增施中量牛粪处理下子囊菌门和担子菌门的相对丰度明显较高;从真菌属水平看,优势属包括镰刀菌属、腐质霉属、油壶菌属和小粉孢属。增施有机肥提高了共生营养型和腐生营养型的相对丰度,且随着增施有机肥量的增加,病理营养型的丰度呈现递减的趋势;增施有机肥的处理木质腐生真菌数量明显高于不施有机肥的处理,而植物病原菌和动物病原菌的数量均低于对照,因此,认为增施一定量的有机肥能够优化土壤微生物环境,利于玉米植株产量的提高。

关键词: 真菌, 有机肥, 多样性, 群落结构, 高通量测序

Abstract:

In order to provide a theoretical basis for rational application of organic fertilizers and ensure the healthy development of soil ecosystems in corn fields,the effects of soil fungal communities under different levels of organic fertilizer application for the composition,diversity,and functional characteristic were studied.In the meantime,a field experiment was used,with a total of 4 treatments were set up,and the high-throughput sequencing and FUNGuild method were used to analyze the soil fungal diversity,community structure and functional groups in different fertilization rates.The results showed that the increased application of organic fertilizer could increase the content of soil organic matter,available phosphorus,available potassium,urease,catalase,etc.,and it was positively correlated with the application amount of organic fertilizer.Applied organic fertilizers could increase the diversity of soil fungal communities and reduce their richness.The dominant fungal communities in the soil under different fertilization rates were Ascomycota,Mortierellomycota,Basidiomycota,and Olpidiomycota,the relative abundance of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota was significantly higher in the treatment with a medium amount of cattle manure than in the control without organic fertilizer;from the perspective of fungal genera,the dominant genera include Fusarium,Humicola,Olpidium,and Microidium.The application of organic fertilizer increased the relative abundance of symbiotic and saprophytic nutrients,and with the increase of organic fertilizer application,the abundance of pathological nutrients showed a decreasing trend;the number of woody saprophytic fungi in the treatment with increased organic fertilizer application was significantly higher than that in the treatment without organic fertilizer application,while the number of plant and animal pathogens was lower than the control.Therefore,it is believed that increasing a certain amount of organic fertilizer application could optimize the soil microbial environment and promote the increase of corn plant yield.

Key words: Fungi, Organic fertilizer, Diversity, Community structure, High throughput sequencing