施氮方式与行距配置对水稻冠层结构及产量的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192614

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为研究施氮方式和行距配置对水稻冠层结构和产量的影响,以沈稻9号为材料,于2019—2020年进行田间试验,采用两因素裂区设计,主区设不施氮肥(A₀)、农户方式(A₁)、底氮减施(A₂)、底氮后移(A₃)4种氮肥管理方式,副区设常规方式(行距30 cm,B₁)、缩行增密(行距25 cm,B₂)、宽窄行(行距40 cm+20 cm,B₃)3种行距配置,运用大田切片法,研究不同施氮方式和行距配置下水稻各层叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射、剑叶光合特性和产量的差异。结果表明,施氮方式与行距配置对产量有极显著影响,且存在交互作用,在A₃B₂组合下,产量达到最高,为9.85 t/hm²。与A₁、A₂相比,A₃处理单位面积颖花数提高4.31%~10.55%,结实率提高2.87~4.09百分点,使剑叶净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别提高了4.84%~9.12%,14.08%~15.71%,11.33%~15.83%;同时,A₃具有较高的光合有效辐射截获率和群体叶面积指数。与B₁、B₃相比,B₂可以增加单位面积颖花数和群体叶面积指数,增幅分别为7.57%~9.97%,4.29%~20.43%,光合有效辐射截获率达88.99%。综合产量、光合特性和冠层结构的表现,施氮方式为底氮后移结合行距为25 cm为本试验的最优组合,能有效提高单位面积颖花数、结实率、千粒质量,改善群体结构,促进高产形成。

关键词: 水稻, 施氮方式, 行距配置, 冠层结构, 产量

Abstract:

Using rice variety Shendao 9 as an entry,a field experiment was conducted in 2019—2020 to study the effect of nitrogen application pattern and row spacing on canopy structure and yield of rice under split-plot design.The main plot treatments were zero nitrogen(A₀),farmer's pattern(A₁),low basal nitrogen(A₂),and basal nitrogen backward(A₃).The subplot treatments were conventional method(row spacing of 30 cm,B₁),reducing row spacing(row spacing of 25 cm,B₂),and narrow-wide row(row spacing of 40 cm+20 cm,B₃).The layer upon layer cut method was used to investigate the leaf area index(LAI),photosynthetic active radiation(PAR),photosynthetic characteristics of flag leaves,and grain yield of rice.The results showed that nitrogen application pattern and row spacing had extremely significant interaction effects on grain yield,the maximum value(9.85 t/ha)appeared in A₃B₂.Compared with A₁ and A₂,the effective spikelets per unit area,kernel-setting rate,net photosynthetic rate(Pn),stomatal conductance(Gs)and transpiration rate(Tr)of A₃ increased by 4.31%—10.55%,2.87—4.09 percentage points,4.84%—9.12%,14.08%—15.71% and 11.33%—15.83%,respectively.Meanwhile,rice obtained higher interception rate of PAR,population leaf area index under A₃.Compared with B₁ and B₃,the spikelets per unit area,and population leaf area index(LAI)of B₂ increased by 7.57%—9.97% and 4.29%—20.43%,respectively.And interception rate of PAR of B₂ was 88.99%.Given the results of grain yield,PAR,and photosynthetic characteristics in rice of two years,it could be concluded that the basal nitrogen backward pattern combined with 25 cm row spacing could enhance spikelets per unit area,kernel-setting rate,1000-grain weight,improve the population structure and obtain higher yield.

Key words: Rice, Nitrogen application pattern, Row spacing, Canopy structure, Yield

刘俊峰, 李漪濛, 梁超, 周婵婵, 王术, 贾宝艳, 黄元财, 王岩, 王韵. 施氮方式与行距配置对水稻冠层结构及产量的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(1): 77-85. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192614.

LIU Junfeng, LI Yimeng, LIANG Chao, ZHOU Chanchan, WANG Shu, JIA Baoyan, HUANG Yuancai, WANG Yan, WANG Yun. Effect of Nitrogen Application Pattern and Row Spacing on Canopy Structure and Yield of Rice[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(1): 77-85. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192614.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I1/77

图/表 7

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施氮方式 N application patterns	合计 Total	基肥 Basal fertilizer	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer	拔节肥 Elongation fertilizer	孕穗肥 Booting fertilizer
不施氮肥(A₀)Zero nitrogen	0	0	0	0	0
农户方式(A₁)Farmer's pattern	235	155	30	50	0
底氮减施(A₂)Low basal nitrogen	200	120	30	50	0
底氮后移(A₃)Basal nitrogen backward	200	80	30	50	40

施氮方式 N application patterns	合计 Total	基肥 Basal fertilizer	分蘖肥 Tillering fertilizer	拔节肥 Elongation fertilizer	孕穗肥 Booting fertilizer
不施氮肥(A₀)Zero nitrogen	0	0	0	0	0
农户方式(A₁)Farmer's pattern	235	155	30	50	0
底氮减施(A₂)Low basal nitrogen	200	120	30	50	0
底氮后移(A₃)Basal nitrogen backward	200	80	30	50	40

施氮方式 N application pattern	行距配置 Row spacing	单位面积有效穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²) Effective panicles per unit area	每穗颖花数 Spikelets per panicle	单位面积颖花数/ (×10⁷/hm²) Spikelets per unit area	结实率/% Kernel-setting rate	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	产量/(t/hm²) Grain yield
A₀	B₁	212.43±3.07i	115.87±2.83fg	24.61±0.40h	91.43±1.37a	24.13±0.28a	4.90±0.29g
	B₂	234.14±3.52h	112.58±1.35gh	26.36±0.61g	91.08±0.91ab	24.05±0.18a	5.43±0.27f
	B₃	215.04±1.66i	118.42±1.14ef	25.47±0.28gh	91.74±1.66a	24.12±0.15a	5.01±0.16g
	平均数	220.54±10.56d	115.62±3.04d	25.48±0.85d	91.42±1.20a	24.10±0.19a	5.11±0.32c
A₁	B₁	351.69±7.48d	121.81±3.14e	42.84±1.58ef	83.71±0.81ef	23.15±0.53bc	8.31±0.23de
	B₂	415.95±3.32a	111.95±1.57h	46.56±0.56c	82.80±1.15f	23.40±0.13abc	8.58±0.06cd
	B₃	330.09±2.61f	127.20±1.46d	41.98±0.27f	85.06±1.36def	23.55±0.26abc	8.53±0.11cd
	平均数	365.91±38.92a	120.32±6.96c	43.80±2.27c	83.86±1.39c	23.37±0.35b	8.47±0.18b
A₂	B₁	345.17±3.01e	131.70±2.30c	45.46±0.81cd	84.97±1.95def	23.00±0.62c	8.12±0.11e
	B₂	390.25±2.21b	127.16±1.68d	49.62±0.54ab	82.84±0.70f	23.57±0.58abc	9.07±0.07b
	B₃	333.73±1.50f	132.37±0.73c	44.17±0.19de	87.43±1.33cd	23.77±0.10ab	8.49±0.09cd
	平均数	356.38±25.96b	130.41±2.86b	46.42±2.52b	85.08±2.34c	23.44±0.55b	8.56±0.42b
A₃	B₁	340.63±2.71e	141.80±1.71b	48.30±0.87b	85.65±2.53de	23.62±0.46abc	8.25±0.13de
	B₂	379.79±1.25c	133.96±3.39c	50.87±1.13a	88.71±1.09bc	23.65±0.28abc	9.85±0.34a
	B₃	316.29±3.01g	145.67±3.03a	46.08±1.07c	89.49±0.66abc	23.92±0.58a	8.81±0.06bc
	平均数	345.57±27.83c	140.48±5.71a	48.42±2.26a	87.95±2.26b	23.73±0.42ab	8.97±0.72a
施氮方式 A		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
行距配置 B		^**	^**	^**	^**	ns	^**
施氮方式×行距配置 A×B		^**	^**	^**	^*	ns	^**

施氮方式 N application pattern	行距配置 Row spacing	单位面积有效穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²) Effective panicles per unit area	每穗颖花数 Spikelets per panicle	单位面积颖花数/ (×10⁷/hm²) Spikelets per unit area	结实率/% Kernel-setting rate	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight	产量/(t/hm²) Grain yield
A₀	B₁	212.43±3.07i	115.87±2.83fg	24.61±0.40h	91.43±1.37a	24.13±0.28a	4.90±0.29g
	B₂	234.14±3.52h	112.58±1.35gh	26.36±0.61g	91.08±0.91ab	24.05±0.18a	5.43±0.27f
	B₃	215.04±1.66i	118.42±1.14ef	25.47±0.28gh	91.74±1.66a	24.12±0.15a	5.01±0.16g
	平均数	220.54±10.56d	115.62±3.04d	25.48±0.85d	91.42±1.20a	24.10±0.19a	5.11±0.32c
A₁	B₁	351.69±7.48d	121.81±3.14e	42.84±1.58ef	83.71±0.81ef	23.15±0.53bc	8.31±0.23de
	B₂	415.95±3.32a	111.95±1.57h	46.56±0.56c	82.80±1.15f	23.40±0.13abc	8.58±0.06cd
	B₃	330.09±2.61f	127.20±1.46d	41.98±0.27f	85.06±1.36def	23.55±0.26abc	8.53±0.11cd
	平均数	365.91±38.92a	120.32±6.96c	43.80±2.27c	83.86±1.39c	23.37±0.35b	8.47±0.18b
A₂	B₁	345.17±3.01e	131.70±2.30c	45.46±0.81cd	84.97±1.95def	23.00±0.62c	8.12±0.11e
	B₂	390.25±2.21b	127.16±1.68d	49.62±0.54ab	82.84±0.70f	23.57±0.58abc	9.07±0.07b
	B₃	333.73±1.50f	132.37±0.73c	44.17±0.19de	87.43±1.33cd	23.77±0.10ab	8.49±0.09cd
	平均数	356.38±25.96b	130.41±2.86b	46.42±2.52b	85.08±2.34c	23.44±0.55b	8.56±0.42b
A₃	B₁	340.63±2.71e	141.80±1.71b	48.30±0.87b	85.65±2.53de	23.62±0.46abc	8.25±0.13de
	B₂	379.79±1.25c	133.96±3.39c	50.87±1.13a	88.71±1.09bc	23.65±0.28abc	9.85±0.34a
	B₃	316.29±3.01g	145.67±3.03a	46.08±1.07c	89.49±0.66abc	23.92±0.58a	8.81±0.06bc
	平均数	345.57±27.83c	140.48±5.71a	48.42±2.26a	87.95±2.26b	23.73±0.42ab	8.97±0.72a
施氮方式 A		^**	^**	^**	^**	^**	^**
行距配置 B		^**	^**	^**	^**	ns	^**
施氮方式×行距配置 A×B		^**	^**	^**	^*	ns	^**

项目 Item	单位面积有效穗数/ (×10⁴/hm²) Effective panicles per unit area	每穗颖花数 Spikelets per panicle	单位面积颖花数/ (×10⁷/hm²) Spikelets per unit area	结实率 Kernel-setting rate	千粒质量 1000-grain weight
产量Grain yield	0.92^**	0.60^*	0.98^**	-0.69^**	-0.62^*
单位面积有效穗数/(×10⁴/hm²)Effective panicles per unit area		0.32	0.93^**	-0.86^**	-0.74^*
每穗颖花数 Spikelets per panicle			0.63^*	-0.09	-0.15
单位面积颖花数/(×10⁷/hm²)Spikelets per unit area				-0.73^**	-0.66^*
结实率 Kernel-setting rate					0.84^**

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