摘要：

为了破解华北滨海低平原区因土壤盐碱化瘠薄导致夏玉米单产提升受限的难题,于2024,2025年在典型代表区设置涵盖品种、增密、缓控肥料、分次减量追肥及延时收获的综合农艺措施(IAM)、综合农艺措施配施有机肥(IAM+OM)与农户模式(FP)3个处理,研究不同处理对土壤养分与盐分的运移、玉米干物质的积累分配和产量构成的影响,进一步探索综合农艺措施配施有机肥对轻盐碱瘠薄耕地夏玉米的产量提升效应。结果表明:与FP处理相比,IAM+OM处理土壤有机质提高0.20百分点,且达到显著水平。成熟期,IAM+OM处理0~40 cm土层盐分含量较FP处理显著降低0.25百分点。开花期,IAM和IAM+OM处理的土壤硝态氮含量较FP处理分别增加17.9%,35.4%;IAM和IAM+OM处理的SPAD值较FP处理分别显著提高4.9%,5.5%;开花期和成熟期,IAM处理干物质量分别比FP处理增加19.9%,20.6%;花后干物质积累量在IAM处理较FP处理增加20.8%。相较于FP处理,2 a平均 IAM处理收获穗数显著提高9.7%,千粒质量提高8.3%;IAM处理增产11.8%,IAM+OM增产18.1%,均达到显著水平。综合农艺措施配施有机肥(IAM+OM)能显著改善土壤理化性状、增强养分供应、抑制盐分积累,并促进花后干物质积累与产量形成,为华北平原缺水区轻盐碱瘠薄耕地的夏玉米产能提升提供了可行途径。

关键词: 夏玉米, 综合农艺措施, 轻盐碱, 瘠薄, 产量

Abstract:

To address the challenge of limited summer maize yield improvement caused by soil salinization and infertility in the coastal low plain of North China,it integrated an Integrated Agronomic Measures(IAM)package(including optimized varieties,moderate densification,controlled-release fertilization,post-flowering topdressing,and delayed harvesting).It further explored the yield-increasing effect of IAM combined with organic manure(IAM+OM)on summer maize in saline-alkaline and infertile farmland.In 2024 and 2025,three treatments were set up in a typical representative area:IAM,IAM+OM,and Farmers' Traditional Practice(FP).The study systematically analyzed the effects of different treatments on soil nutrient and salt migration,maize dry matter accumulation and distribution,and yield components.The results showed that compared with the FP treatment, the IAM+OM treatment significantly increased soil organic matter by 0.20 percentage points.At maturity,the salt content in the 0—40 cm soil layer under IAM+OM was significantly 0.25 percentage points lower than that under FP. At the flowering stage,soil nitrate nitrogen content under IAM and IAM+OM increased by 17.9% and 35.4% respectively compared with FP;the SPAD values of IAM and IAM+OM were significantly 4.9% and 5.5% higher than those of FP.At the flowering and maturity stages,the dry matter weight of IAM increased by 19.9% and 20.6% respectively compared with FP;post-flowering dry matter accumulation under IAM increased by 20.8% compared with FP.On a two-year average,compared with FP,IAM significantly increased the number of harvested ears by 9.7% and 1000-grain weight by 8.3%;IAM increased yield by 11.8%,and IAM+OM increased yield by 18.1%(both reaching significant levels).IAM combined with organic manure(IAM+OM)significantly improves soil physical and chemical properties,enhances nutrient supply,inhibits salt accumulation,and promotes post-flowering dry matter accumulation and yield formation.This technical model provides a feasible approach for improving summer maize productivity in light saline-alkaline and infertile farmland in water-deficient areas of the North China Plain.

Key words: Summer maize, Comprehensive agronomic measures, Light saline-alkali, Infertility, Yield

中图分类号: 

• S513玉米(玉蜀黍)