摘要：

为明确河南省不同产量水平小麦的产量构成和氮磷钾吸收利用特征,于2023-2025年在位于河南省安阳市4个县区的78个农户田块取样调查,按照籽粒产量的高低分成低产、中产、高产3组,比较了产量构成、氮磷积累和转运特性以及氮磷钾吸收、生产效率。结果表明,高产组的籽粒产量分别较低、中产组高23.6%~53.5%,10.6%~24.2%,主要原因是高产组较低中产组显著提高了生物量,且较低产组提高了穗数和千粒质量,较中产组提高了低产年份的穗数。与低产组相比,中高产组开花期和成熟期氮积累量、开花期磷积累量和花前氮磷转运量在2 a中均显著提高,其他氮磷积累和转运特性无显著变化或仅在1 a中有显著变化。高产组较中产组,生物量显著增加13.4%~24.4%,产量构成因素除2024-2025年度穗数显著增加8.6%外无显著差异。在产量较高的2023-2024年度,高产组花后磷积累量、花后磷积累量贡献率和百千克籽粒需磷量较中产组分别显著降低106.7%,15.1百分点,11.5%。在产量较低的2024-2025年度,高产组较中产组,开花期、成熟期以及花后的氮积累量、开花期和成熟期磷积累量分别显著提高39.5%,27.3%,17.0%,37.3%,27.3%,花前氮转运量、花前氮转运量贡献率和花前磷转运量分别显著提高33.4%,3.2百分点,36.6%;磷钾吸收效率分别显著提高46.3%,17.1%。相关性分析结果表明,产量与穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、生物量、开花期和成熟期氮积累量、花前氮转运量以及花前磷转运量在2 a中均达到显著正相关。综合来看,穗数、千粒质量、生物量、开花期和成熟期氮积累量以及花前氮磷转运量高是河南省小麦高产的重要特征。

关键词: 小麦, 产量水平, 养分积累和转运, 养分利用效率, 氮磷钾

Abstract:

This study aimed to clarify the yield components and the characteristics of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),and potassium(K)uptake and utilization of wheat at different yield levels in Henan Province.A sampling survey was conducted from 2023 to 2025 in 78 farmer fields across four counties in Anyang City,Henan Province.Based on grain yield,the samples were divided into low-yield,medium-yield,and high-yield groups to compare yield components,N,P and K accumulation and translocation characteristics,as well as their uptake and production efficiencies.The results showed that the grain yields of the high-yield groups were 23.6%-53.5% and 10.6%-24.2% higher than those of the low-yield and medium-yield groups,respectively.The primary reason was that the high-yield group significantly increased biomass compared to the medium-yield and low-yield groups,increased spike numbers and 1000-grain weight compared to the low-yield group,and increased spike numbers compared to the medium-yield group in low-yield year.Compared to the low-yield group,the medium-yield and high-yield groups showed significantly higher N accumulation at anthesis and maturity stages,P accumulation at anthesis,and pre-anthesis N and P translocation in both years,but other characteristics of N and P accumulation and translocation were not significant or were significant in only one year.Compared to the medium-yield group,the high-yield group exhibited a significant increase in biomass by 13.4%-24.4%,while the yield components had no significant difference except the spike numbers significantly increased by 8.6% in 2024-2025.In the higher yield year of 2023-2024,compared to the medium-yield group,the high-yield group showed significant decreases of 106.7%,15.1 percentage points and 11.5% in the post-anthesis P accumulation and contribution rate of post-anthesis P accumulation,and P requirement for producing 100 kg grains,respectively.In the lower yield year of 2024-2025,compared to the medium-yield group,the high-yield group showed significant increases in N accumulation at anthesis,maturity,and post-anthesis,and P accumulation at anthesis and maturity,pre-anthesis N translocation amount,contribution rate of pre-anthesis N translocation amount,as well as pre-anthesis P translocation amount by 39.5%,27.3%,17.0%,37.3%,27.3%,33.4%,3.2 percentage points,36.6%,respectively;phosphorus and potassium uptake efficiencies were significantly improved by 46.3% and 17.1%,respectively.Correlation analysis indicated that wheat yield was significantly positively correlated with spike number,grain number per spike,1000-grain weight,biomass,N accumulation at anthesis and maturity,and pre-anthesis N and P translocation amount in both years.Therefore,higher spike number,1000-grain weight,biomass,N accumulation at anthesis and maturity,and pre-anthesis N and P translocation amount are the key characteristics of high-yield wheat in Henan Province.

Key words: Wheat, Yield level, Nutrient accumulation and translocation, Nutrient utilization efficiency, Nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium

中图分类号: 

• S512.1小麦

• S143化学肥料