摘要： 为探索在优良肥力基础上由高产作物一熟替代两熟生产的技术可行性与突破途径,设置垄作覆膜、垄作裸地、平作覆膜、平作裸地(对照)4种处理,监测了旱地春玉米不同水分管理措施下干物质和氮生产及其转运、分配特征。结果表明,华北旱地春玉米干物质累积进程表现典型的“S”曲线型,后期缓速增长期出现以茎秆为中心的干物质再度累积特征;抽雄前植株干物质累积达全生育期的47.02%～53.96%,转运至籽粒达到9.99%～25.22%;其中,苞叶与穗轴积累的干物质转运率高达25.22%～47.48%。覆膜使春玉米抽雄期前干物质累积较对照高17.19%～23.61%,干物质快速累积期比对照提前6.4 d,但线性累积持续期却缩短1.5～2.5 d。春玉米氮素累积表现蜡熟期后对土壤氮素的再度高速吸收且以茎秆为中心的氮素富集特征;株体蓄贮氮素总量的43.08%～48.05%转入籽粒,对籽粒的贡献率达49.01%～52.61%;其中,苞叶与穗轴转运率最高,达自身氮素储存量的65.89%～71.40%。垄作覆膜处理苗期茎叶氮素积蓄量较对照高101.08%,生育前期氮素蓄存茎叶、生育后期转运籽粒的“前蓄后转”效应,促进籽粒库容构建,使垄作覆膜玉米增产9.47%。华北旱地一熟种植,促发了玉米蜡熟期后的干物质和氮素生产,释放了玉米高产潜力;而覆膜处理加速了玉米干物质与氮素生产进程,但缩短了干物质线性累积持续期;旱地春玉米进一步高产的突破,需要以籽粒为核心的更大库容品种的突破。

关键词: 春玉米, 干物质和氮素生产, 覆膜方式, 干物质累积, 氮素积累

Abstract: The objective of this study was to explore the technical feasibility and breakthrough way with one cropping system to replace double cropping system under richer fertility basis and high yield crop.Four different field experimental treatments were conducted which were including ridge tillage with plastic film mulching(RP),ridge tillage with bare land(RB),flat with plastic film mulching(FP) and flat with bare land(FB) to monitor the characteristics of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation translocation and allocation.Results indicated that the process of spring maize dry matter accumulation showed the representative feature of s curve.The late slow growth period appeared to stem as the center of the dry matter accumulation before tasseling stage again;The amount of accumulated dry matter up to total growth period of 47.02%-53.96% material,transported into the kernels reached 9.99%-25.22%;Among them,material transfer rate up to 25.22%-47.48% from the husk and cob accumulated.The spring maize dry matter accumulation higher than the CK by 17.19%-23.61%,because of water-retention effect of film mulching.The dry matter fast accumulation stage forewent 6.4 days,linear growth phase shortened 1.5 -2.5 d compared with CK.Characteristics of N accumulation showed that high rate renewly absorb N of soil and take stem as N enrichment central.43.08%-48.05% of the N storage in the maize plant transferred to seeds,the contribution ratio of N transferred to seeds was 49.01%-52.61%.Wherein,husk and cob transport rate was the highest,reached its nitrogen storage volume of 65.89%-71.40%. The plastic mulching treatment seedling stem and leaf nitrogen accumulation was higher than control 101.08%,the nitrogen stored in stem and leaf transport into grain could be thanked as "before storage after the turn" effect,so that the plastic mulching corn yield at 9.47%.One of the breakthroughs to enhance yield of spring maize one harvest in one year was the breakthroughs of a larger grain sink cultivars.

Key words: Spring maize, Dry matter and nitrogen production, Mulching pattern, Dry matter accumulation, Nitrogen accumulation

中图分类号: 

• S152.7S513