冀鲁豫地区花生果腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195923

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确河北省、山东省和河南省的花生果腐病病原菌种类及组成,以三地花生主产区的果腐病病果为材料,采用组织分离法对病原菌进行分离纯化,通过菌株形态学特征观察及rDNA-ITS、TEF-1α基因序列分析进行分类鉴定;选取7株代表性菌株(RF1-7),采用菌饼接种花生籽仁、孢子悬浮液侵染新鲜荚果试验,依据柯赫氏法则验证其致病性。结果表明,分离纯化获得307株真菌,其中以镰刀菌属为优势菌群,占比达63.52%。三省份的病原真菌种类呈现地域性差异,河北省以新孢镰刀菌为主要病原菌,山东省以尖孢镰刀菌为优势种,河南省则以茄腐镰刀菌占比最高,分离比例分别占镰刀属菌株的50.75%,57.15%,47.67%。供试的7株菌株均能侵染花生籽仁及新鲜荚果,但致病力表现不同,其中新孢镰刀菌在籽仁与荚果侵染试验中发病率均达100%。除与范特尼镰刀菌侵染发病率无显著差异外,新孢镰刀菌引起的发病率均显著高于其余5个供试菌株,且受侵染的籽仁和荚果呈现典型的感病症状,表明该菌株具有更强的致病潜力。首次系统揭示了冀鲁豫三省花生果腐病病原菌的种类特征及致病力差异,研究结果可为制定区域性花生果腐病精准防控策略提供理论依据,对保障我国北方花生产业可持续发展具有重要意义。

关键词: 花生, 果腐病, 新孢镰刀菌, 鉴定, 形态学

Abstract:

In order to clarify the species and composition of pod rot pathogenic fungi in Hebei,Shandong,and Henan Provinces,diseased peanut pods from the main production areas of these three provinces were used as materials.Pathogens were isolated and purified using the tissue isolation method,and their species were identified by morphological characterization combined with rDNA-ITS and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses.Seven representative strains (RF1-7) were selected to evaluate pathogenicity via mycelial inoculation on kernels and spore suspension inoculation on fresh pods,according to Koch's postulates.The results revealed that 307 strains of fungi were isolated and purified,with the genus Fusarium as the dominant genus,accounting for 63.52% of the total.Regional differences in pathogen composition were observed in the three provinces.In Hebei Province,Fusarium neocosmosporiellum predominated,while in Shandong Province,Fusarium oxysporum was the dominant species,and in Henan Province,Fusarium solani had the highest proportion,with isolation rates of 50.75%,57.15%,and 47.67% of the Fusarium species,respectively.All seven selected strains exhibited varying degrees of pathogenicity in both kernel and fresh pod inoculation assays,among which Fusarium neocosmosporiellum showed 100% disease incidence.Except for showing no significant difference compared to the disease incidence caused by Fusarium vanettenii,the incidence induced by Fusarium neocosmosporiellum was significantly higher than that caused by the other five tested isolates,and the infected kernels and pods displayed typical disease symptoms,indicating Fusarium neocosmosporiellum possesses stronger pathogenic potential.This study provides a first systematic characterization of the population distribution and pathogenicity differences among peanut pod rot pathogens in Hebei,Shandong and Henan.The findings could provide a theoretical basis for formulating region precise prevention and control strategies for peanut pod rot and are crucial for ensuring the sustainable development of the peanut industry in Northern China.

Key words: Peanut, Pod rot, Fusarium neocosmosporiellum, Identification, Morphology

中图分类号:

S435.652

何美敬, 杨东泽, 崔顺立, 李秀坤, 王岐帆, 刘立峰. 冀鲁豫地区花生果腐病病原菌的分离与鉴定[J]. 华北农学报, 2026, 41(2): 194-201. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195923.

HE Meijing, YANG Dongze, CUI Shunli, LI Xiukun, WANG Qifan, LIU Lifeng. Isolation and Identification of Pathogens Causing Peanut Pod Rot in the Hebei,Shandong and Henan Region[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(2): 194-201. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195923.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2026/V41/I2/194

图/表 9

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省份 Province	真菌菌属 Fungi genus	分离菌株株数 The number of isolated fungi	分离比例/% Segregation ratio
河北省	镰刀菌属	67	74.44
Hebei	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	14	15.56
Province	木霉菌属	7	7.78
	角担菌属	1	1.11
	土栖棘壳孢属	1	1.11
山东省	镰刀菌属	21	35.00
Shandong	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	15	25.00
Province	曲霉属	13	21.67
	卵形孢球托霉	4	6.67
	木霉菌属	4	6.67
	链格孢属	1	1.66
	角担菌属	2	3.33
河南省	镰刀菌属	107	68.15
Henan	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	37	23.57
Province	木霉菌属	5	3.18
	链格孢属	1	0.64
	角担菌属	6	3.82
	土栖棘壳孢属	1	0.64

省份 Province	真菌菌属 Fungi genus	分离菌株株数 The number of isolated fungi	分离比例/% Segregation ratio
河北省	镰刀菌属	67	74.44
Hebei	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	14	15.56
Province	木霉菌属	7	7.78
	角担菌属	1	1.11
	土栖棘壳孢属	1	1.11
山东省	镰刀菌属	21	35.00
Shandong	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	15	25.00
Province	曲霉属	13	21.67
	卵形孢球托霉	4	6.67
	木霉菌属	4	6.67
	链格孢属	1	1.66
	角担菌属	2	3.33
河南省	镰刀菌属	107	68.15
Henan	粉红螺旋聚孢霉属	37	23.57
Province	木霉菌属	5	3.18
	链格孢属	1	0.64
	角担菌属	6	3.82
	土栖棘壳孢属	1	0.64

菌株编号 Strain number	菌落形态 Colony morphology	产孢类型 Sporulation type	孢子形态 Spore morphology
RF-1	菌落生长较满,生长速度较快,外观为圆形,气生菌丝绒状,较稀疏,白色,背面看有明显圆圈。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子中,绝大多数呈现出镰刀般的形状;小型分生孢子存在隔膜,外观上多为椭圆形或者呈新月的模样。小型分生孢子的大小为(12.53~29.76)μm×(4.80~10.30)μm。
RF-2	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,呈丰富的白色至奶油色的气生菌丝,不透明,反面中心呈红褐色。	大型、小型分生孢子	孢子数量较少,生长速度较慢,大型和小型分生孢子数量基本相同。大小为(11.36~34.50)μm×(5.91~8.36)μm。
RF-3	菌落大小中等,生长速度中等,外观呈圆形或卵圆形,白色菌丝,背面呈淡黄色。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子的数量稀少,形态为镰刀型;小型分生孢子数量居多,具备隔膜结构。大小为(11.19~26.55)μm×(6.40~8.80)μm。
RF-4	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,呈丰富的白色至奶油色的气生菌丝,不透明,反面中心呈黄褐色。	分生孢子、厚垣孢子	分生孢子为镰刀形:厚垣孢子为球形,既会单个生长,也会呈链状排列生长。厚垣孢子的大小为(8.77~15.47)μm×(3.50~5.39)μm。
RF-5	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,白色气生菌丝,不透明,后期培养基呈淡紫色。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子的较少,典型的镰刀形状:存在大量小型分生孢子。大小为(10.00~18.44)μm×(6.03~6.78)μm。
RF-6	菌落中等,生长速度中等,外观呈圆形或卵圆形,白色气生菌丝,不透明,反面呈黄色。	分生孢子	分生孢子形似镰刀,其顶端钝圆,基部细胞稍微带点钩状。大小为(13.60~20.18)μm×(6.15~9.12)μm。
RF-7	菌落不大,生长速度较慢,形状不规则,乳白色绒毛状,不透明,反面呈黄色。	分生孢子	分生孢子呈卵圆形,其分生孢子梗直立、不分隔且无分支。菌丝呈扫帚状。大小为(4.34~5.32)μm×(2.46~3.70)μm。

菌株编号 Strain number	菌落形态 Colony morphology	产孢类型 Sporulation type	孢子形态 Spore morphology
RF-1	菌落生长较满,生长速度较快,外观为圆形,气生菌丝绒状,较稀疏,白色,背面看有明显圆圈。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子中,绝大多数呈现出镰刀般的形状;小型分生孢子存在隔膜,外观上多为椭圆形或者呈新月的模样。小型分生孢子的大小为(12.53~29.76)μm×(4.80~10.30)μm。
RF-2	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,呈丰富的白色至奶油色的气生菌丝,不透明,反面中心呈红褐色。	大型、小型分生孢子	孢子数量较少,生长速度较慢,大型和小型分生孢子数量基本相同。大小为(11.36~34.50)μm×(5.91~8.36)μm。
RF-3	菌落大小中等,生长速度中等,外观呈圆形或卵圆形,白色菌丝,背面呈淡黄色。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子的数量稀少,形态为镰刀型;小型分生孢子数量居多,具备隔膜结构。大小为(11.19~26.55)μm×(6.40~8.80)μm。
RF-4	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,呈丰富的白色至奶油色的气生菌丝,不透明,反面中心呈黄褐色。	分生孢子、厚垣孢子	分生孢子为镰刀形:厚垣孢子为球形,既会单个生长,也会呈链状排列生长。厚垣孢子的大小为(8.77~15.47)μm×(3.50~5.39)μm。
RF-5	菌落较大,生长速度较快,外观呈圆形,白色气生菌丝,不透明,后期培养基呈淡紫色。	大型、小型分生孢子	大型分生孢子的较少,典型的镰刀形状:存在大量小型分生孢子。大小为(10.00~18.44)μm×(6.03~6.78)μm。
RF-6	菌落中等,生长速度中等,外观呈圆形或卵圆形,白色气生菌丝,不透明,反面呈黄色。	分生孢子	分生孢子形似镰刀,其顶端钝圆,基部细胞稍微带点钩状。大小为(13.60~20.18)μm×(6.15~9.12)μm。
RF-7	菌落不大,生长速度较慢,形状不规则,乳白色绒毛状,不透明,反面呈黄色。	分生孢子	分生孢子呈卵圆形,其分生孢子梗直立、不分隔且无分支。菌丝呈扫帚状。大小为(4.34~5.32)μm×(2.46~3.70)μm。

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