外源氨基酸对葡萄产量、生长及品质的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20194044

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探究氨基酸水溶肥对葡萄产量和品质的影响,以盛果期早黑宝葡萄为试验材料,设置3个处理:常规施肥(CK);增施有机肥(OPT);有机肥+氨基酸水溶肥处理(OPT+AA),研究外源氨基酸对葡萄产量、生长、品质及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,OPT处理葡萄产量降低14.17%,OPT+AA处理葡萄产量降低7.50%,但均不显著。与CK相比,OPT、OPT+AA处理化肥偏生产力均显著增加,OPT+AA处理的N、P₂O₅、K₂O偏生产力分别显著增加73.44%,85.01%,85.01%;OPT+AA处理总糖显著增加8.09%,可溶性固形物显著增加1.32百分点,糖酸比显著增加38.80%,可滴定酸含量显著减少0.16百分点;OPT+AA处理新梢全磷含量显著增加24.73%,全钾含量显著增加24.73%。此外,OPT和OPT+AA处理并不会影响树体生长,且能够有效减少速效养分淋洗、提高植株根域养分含量。综上所述,通过化肥减施并增施有机肥对葡萄产量无显著影响,但可以减少速效养分的淋洗,显著提高化肥偏生产力;在增施有机肥的基础上增施氨基酸水溶肥能够促进树体养分吸收,提高葡萄产量,显著提升果实品质。

关键词: 葡萄, 氨基酸水溶肥, 有机替代, 产量, 品质

Abstract:

In order to explore the effects of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer on grape yield and quality,the full-fruit Zaohebao grape was used as the experimental material,three treatments were set up:conventional fertilization (CK);increased application of organic fertilizer (OPT);organic fertilizer + amino acid water soluble fertilizer treatment (OPT+AA),the effects of exogenous amino acids on grape yield,growth,quality and soil nutrient content were studied.The results showed that compared with CK,grape yield decreased by 14.17% under OPT treatment and 7.50% under OPT+AA treatment,but were not significant.Compared with CK,partial productivity of fertilizer treated with OPT and OPT+AA increased significantly.Partial productivity of N,P₂O₅ and K₂O treated with OPT+AA increased significantly by 73.44%,85.01% and 85.01%,respectively.OPT+AA significantly increased total sugar by 8.09%,soluble solids by 1.32 percentage,sugar-acid ratio by 38.80%,and the titratable acid content by 0.16 percentage.The nutrient content of shoots was significantly increased by 24.73% in OPT+AA,total phosphorus content and total potassium content were significantly increased by 24.73%.In addition,OPT and OPT+AA treatments did not inhibit plant growth,but could effectively reduce the leaching of available nutrients and increase the nutrient content in the root domain.In summary,reducing and increasing the application of organic fertilizer had no significant effect on grape yield,but could reduce the leaching of available nutrients and significantly improve the partial productivity of fertilizer.The application of amino acid water-soluble fertilizer could promote nutrient absorption in plants,improving grape yield and fruit quality.

Key words: Grape, Amino acid water soluble fertilizer, Organic substitution, Yield, Quality

秦梅梅, 赵琪, 李倩, 何永波, 朱晓萍, 张晶, 苏欢, 李磊. 外源氨基酸对葡萄产量、生长及品质的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2023, 38(5): 112-119. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194044.

QIN Meimei, ZHAO Qi, LI Qian, HE Yongbo, ZHU Xiaoping, ZHANG Jing, SU Huan, LI Lei. Effects of Exogenous Amino Acids on Grape Yield,Growth and Quality[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(5): 112-119. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20194044.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2023/V38/I5/112

图/表 9

表1 各处理施肥方案

Tab.1 Fertilization plan of each treatmentkg/hm²

处理 Treatment	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	Ca	Mg	羊粪 Dung	氨基酸水溶肥 Amino acid water soluble fertilizer
CK	225	150	300	90	45.0	45 000	0
OPT	120	75	150	45	22.5	75 000	0
OPT+AA	120	75	150	45	22.5	75 000	3 000

表2 肥料施用时期及分配比例

Tab.2 Period and distribution ratio of fertilization%

肥料 Fertilizer	萌芽期(2月)比例 Germinating period (February)ratio	花期(3月)比例 Flowering period (March)ratio	果实成熟期(4-6月)比例 Ripening period (April-June)ratio	采后基肥(10月)比例 Postharvest basal fertilizer(October)ratio
N	20.00	15.00	25.00	40.00
P₂O₅	5.00	10.00	5.00	80.00
K₂O	10.00	10.00	60.00	20.00
Ca	0.00	0.00	0.00	100.00
Mg	15.00	15.00	55.00	15.00

表3 不同处理对葡萄产量、单果质量的影响

Tab.3 Effects of different treatments on grape yield and fruit weight

处理 Treatment	产量/(kg/hm²) Yield	单果质量/g Fruit weigth
CK	34 156.50±2 368.34a	19.31±1.04a
OPT	29 315.56±2 277.48a	18.12±1.00a
OPT+AA	31 595.81±1 874.11a	16.53±0.28a

图1 不同处理对N、P₂O₅、K₂O偏生产力的影响不同小写字母表示差异达到显著水平(P<0.05)。图2-4同。

Fig.1 Effects of different treatments on partial productivity of N,P₂O₅ and K₂O Different lowercase letters mean significant differences (P<0.05).The same as Fig.2-4.

图2 不同处理SPAD、茎粗、叶长、节间长的变化

Fig.2 Changes of SPAD,stem diameter,length of leaf and internode length under different treatments

表4 不同处理对总糖、还原糖、VC、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物、糖酸比的影响

Tab.4 Effects of different treatments on total sugar,reducing sugar,VC,titratable acid,soluble solid and sugar-acid ratio

处理 Treatment	总糖含量/ (g/kg) Total sugar content	还原糖含量/ (g/kg) Reductive sugar content	VC含量/ (g/kg) Vitamin C content	可滴定酸含量/% Titratable acid content	可溶性固形物含量/% Soluble solid content	糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio
CK	154.52±4.11b	175.03±6.82a	0.13±0.01a	0.65±0.03a	18.50±0.14b	24.36±1.39b
OPT	159.81±2.84ab	172.23±7.42a	0.12±0.01a	0.60±0.03a	18.53±0.32b	27.38±1.61b
OPT+AA	167.04±4.40a	174.95±2.78a	0.11±0.01b	0.49±0.01b	19.82±0.19a	33.81±0.75a

图3 不同处理对葡萄叶片全磷、全钾、全氮含量的影响由图4可知,新梢养分含量,与CK处理(全磷、全钾、全氮含量分别为176.26 mg/kg、44.06 g/kg、3.36 g/kg)相比,OPT、OPT+AA处理各养分含量均增加,且OPT+AA处理增幅最高;OPT+AA处理全磷含量显著增加24.73%、全钾含量显著增加24.73%。与OPT相比,OPT+AA处理新梢全磷含量增加15.73%,全钾含量增加15.73%,全氮含量增加8.77%。由此可知,化肥减施并增施羊粪有机肥后葡萄叶片和新梢养分含量不仅不会降低,反而有所增加;但在此基础上施用氨基酸水溶肥后叶片养分含量降低,新梢养分含量增加,说明氨基酸肥促进叶片养分向新梢转运,有利于提高养分利用效率。

Fig.3 Effects of different treatments on contents of total phosphorus,total potassium and total nitrogen in grape leaves

图4 不同处理对葡萄新梢全磷、全钾、全氮含量的影响

Fig.4 Effects of different treatments on the contents of total phosphorus,total potassium and total nitrogen in grape stems

图5 不同处理土壤深度有效磷、速效钾、全氮、硝态氮含量的变化

Fig.5 Changes of available P,available K,total N and nitrate N at different soil depths under different treatments

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