摘要：

研究旱作区果园土壤水肥管理模式效应,为优化苹果园水肥管理、实现水肥最佳匹配提供依据。在甘肃陇东旱作区苹果园,选择水肥膜一体(T1)、垄膜集雨+沟内覆草(T2)、施肥枪“肥水一体”(T3)等3种主要模式,以传统清耕果园土壤施肥(T4)为对照,测定分析苹果园土壤有机质和矿质营养、叶绿素和叶片养分含量及果实品质特征。结果表明,旱作区苹果园0~60 cm土壤中,不同水肥管理模式土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮、全磷和有效磷以及速效钾含量均随土壤深度增加呈递减趋势,且递减幅度逐渐减弱;浅层(0~20 cm)土壤有机质和矿质养分含量显著高于中、下层(20~60 cm)土壤;不同水肥模式、土壤深度全钾含量均较高,表现出明显的土壤养分浅层富集和土壤富钾特征。苹果幼果期、果实膨大期和果实成熟期土壤全氮、全磷和全钾含量降幅均显著低于碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾等速效养分。不同水肥模式土壤矿质养分的消耗程度不同,浅层土壤表现更加明显。在0~20 cm土壤中,T4(CK)幼果期和果实膨大期土壤有机质含量均显著高于其他处理模式,而果实成熟期又显著降低,表明清耕管理土壤保肥及养分持续供应能力较低。不同水肥管理模式下,苹果幼果期和果实膨大期叶绿素含量变化较大,T3幼果期叶绿素a、b和总叶绿素含量显著高于T1和T4,但与T2差异不显著。不同模式不同时期叶片矿质营养含量差异均不显著;叶片全氮和全磷含量随苹果生育进程呈下降趋势,而叶片钾含量呈“升-降”态势;至果实成熟期叶片氮、磷、钾含量达到最低。T2的可溶性糖、总糖和固酸比均显著高于其他处理;VC含量显著高于T4,但与T1和T3差异不显著。旱作区苹果园推广应用“垄膜集雨+沟内覆草”技术措施,能显著改善果实品质。

关键词: 苹果生长发育, 水肥管理模式, 旱作区, 矿质营养

Abstract:

To study the effect of soil water and fertilizer management mode on orchard in dryland area,and to provide support and basis for optimizing water and fertilizer management and realizing the best matching of water and fertilizer in apple orchard.Put into use the three main modes that include integrated water-fertilizer and plastic mulching(T1),ridge film rainwater harvesting + straw mulching in ditch(T2),use fertilizer gun to integrate the fertilizer and water(T3),and conventional tillage fertilization(T4)were used as the comparison where in apple orchards of Gansu Province Longdong area.Measure and analysis the contents that the soil organic matter and mineral nutrition,chlorophyll and nutrient content in leaves and fruit quality in apple orchard.In different water and fertilizer management modes of apple orchards in dryland area.The contents of soil organic matter,total nitrogen,alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen,total phosphorus,available phosphorus and available potassium showed a decreasing trend with the increase of soil depth from 0 to 60 cm,while the decreasing range gradually decreased.The contents of organic matter and mineral nutrients in shallow soil(0-20 cm)were significantly higher than those in middle and deep soil(20-60 cm). The content of soil total K was higher in different modes and layers.The results showed that the soil nutrients were enriched in shallow layer and the soil potassium was rich.In young fruit stage,fruit expansion stage and fruit maturity stage of apple,the decrease rates of the soil total nitrogen,total phosphorus and total potassium were significantly lower than those of available nutrient that the alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen,available phosphorus and available potassium.The absorption and utilization efficiency of the soil mineral nutrients were different with different water and fertilizer patterns,while the nutrient consumption degree was also different,especially in shallow soil. In 0-20 cm soil depth,the content of soil organic matter in T4 treatment which the young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage was significantly higher than that in other treatments,while it was significantly lower at the fruit maturity stage.This showed that the clear tillage management(CK)had a low capacity of soil fertilizer conservation and nutrient sustainable supply.Under different water and fertilizer management modes,the chlorophyll contents which the young fruit stage and fruit expansion stage varied greatly,and the chlorophyll a,b and total chlorophyll content of T3 were significantly higher than those at T1 and T4 at young fruit stage. However, there was no significant difference with T2.There was no significant difference that the mineral nutrient content in leaves between different modes and different periods.The contents of total nitrogen,phosphorus on a downward trend with the growth and development of apple.While the potassium content in leaves showed an upward-downward trend.The contents of the nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in leaves were the lowest at fruit maturity stage.The soluble sugar,total sugar and solid acid ratio of T2 were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The content of VC in T2 was significantly higher than T4,but not significantly different from T1 and T3.The application of "ridge film rainwater harvesting + straw mulching in ditch" technology can significantly improve water and fertilizer utilization efficiency and fruit quality in apple orchard in dry farming area.

Key words: Apple growth and development, Water and fertilizer management mode, Dry farming regions, Mineral nutrition