摘要：

为探究不同类型超级稻动态株型特点及差异,为华南稻区超级稻育种和栽培提供理论指导,选用华南稻区4个超级杂交稻组合、2个超级常规稻品种和2个优质超高产常规稻为供试材料,于秧苗期、分蘖盛期、幼穗第二次枝梗原基分化期、始穗期和成熟期,考查株叶形态、单位面积干物质量及产量。结果表明,供试材料的株高、单株平均茎蘖数、叶片形态、单位面积干物质量和产量构成因素等5个方面动态株型指标具有明显的季节生态特点。在生长发育前期和中期,除上部3片功能叶的开张角度外,其他各项指标超级杂交稻组合均显著高于超级常规稻品种。单位面积有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量、经济系数和单位面积产量,杂交稻组合显著高于常规稻品种;但是常规稻品种的穗长和结实率极显著高于杂交稻组合。因此,早晚兼用型优质超高产水稻育种的动态株型构建,要求苗期早生快发、中后期生物产量大、成熟期收获指数高,其中常规稻品种需要培育品种早生快发特性、提高生物产量、保持高结实率的前提下适当提高千粒质量和穗粒数,杂交稻组合则要进一步提高结实率。

关键词: 超级稻, 早晚兼用型, 不同类型, 动态株型

Abstract:

This study intended to investigate the dynamic shoot characteristics and differences of several super rice cultivars and provide theoretical guidance for super rice breeding and cultivation in the South China rice area.Four super hybrid rice combinations,two super conventional rice varieties,and two high-quality super-high-yielding traditional rice were selected as test materials and applied.We investigated the plant leaf morphology,dry matter weight per unit area,yield at the seedling stage,active tillering stage,secondary panicle branch differentiation stage,initial heading stage and mature stage.The results showed that five dynamic shoot indexes,such as plant height,average number of tillers per plant,leaf morphology,dry matter weight per unit area and yield components,had significant seasonal ecological characteristics.Moreover,except the leave tillering angles from the early and middle stages of growth and development,other key indicators displayed that the super hybrid rice combination was significantly higher than the super conventional rice varieties.In details,the number of effective spikes per unit area,total grains per spike,thousand grains weight,economic coefficient and yield per unit area were significantly higher in the hybrid rice combinations than in the conventional rice varieties;while the spike length and seed setting rate of the conventional rice varieties were extremely significantly higher than those of the hybrid rice combinations.So,the construction of wide adaptation super rice breeding demands early and fast seedling development,high biological yield at mid and late growth stage,and high harvest index at maturity.Meanwhile,conventional rice varieties need to cultivate early and fast development characteristics,improve biological yield,and increase thousand grains weight and total number of grains per spike appropriately as well as maintaining high seed setting rate.Hybrid rice combinations requires to improve seed setting rate.

Key words: Super rice, Double cropping, Different type, Dynamic plant type characteristics