施氮量对河北省山前平原小麦-玉米周年产量及氮素利用效率的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20196975

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确河北省山前平原小麦-玉米轮作体系周年适宜施氮量,通过22 a的田间定位试验,分析不施氮(N0)、小麦施氮150 kg/hm²+玉米75 kg/hm²(N1)、小麦250 kg/hm²+玉米150 kg/hm²(N2)、小麦350 kg/hm²+玉米225 kg/hm²(N3)4个施氮量处理对作物产量、周年能量产量、氮素累积量、氮肥回收利用率等的影响。结果表明,氮肥施用显著提升了麦玉轮作体系作物产量与周年能量产量。相较N0处理,施氮处理小麦年均增产2 857.81~3 226.11 kg/hm²;玉米年均增产2 302.37~2 611.64 kg/hm²。各施氮处理较N0处理周年能量产量年均可增加74.59~84.30 GJ/hm²,增幅为56.54%~64.15%。N2处理的周年可持续性指数最优,较N1、N3处理分别提高2.56%,0.21%,产量稳定性指数则分别下降0.14,1.77百分点,N3处理显著降低麦玉轮作体系的产量稳产性。施氮显著提升小麦、玉米地上部年均氮素累积量,与N0相比施氮处理小麦、玉米单季及轮作周年的氮素累积量分别显著提高128.14%~165.83%,32.66%~54.19%,68.10%~95.78%。随着施氮量递增,氮肥回收利用率显著下降,小麦季N1、N2、N3处理氮肥回收利用率分别为64.65%,49.96%,32.66%;玉米季N1、N2、N3处理氮肥回收利用率为73.45%,59.00%,36.34%。综合产量、氮素利用率与可持续性,提出河北省山前平原区麦玉轮作体系小麦和玉米的适宜施氮量分别为233.49~247.42 kg/hm²,145.35~150.89 kg/hm²,轮作周年适宜施氮量为378.84~398.31 kg/hm²,可实现作物产量与经济效益双盈,且周年产能稳定。

关键词: 小麦-玉米轮作, 施氮量, 产量, 周年能量产量, 氮素累积量, 氮肥回收利用率

Abstract:

To clarify the appropriate nitrogen application rate for the wheat-maize rotation system in the Taihang Mountain piedmont plain,this study conducted a 22-year field experiment with four treatments:no nitrogen application(N0),150 kg/ha for wheat and 75 kg/ha for maize(N1),250 kg/ha for wheat and 150 kg/ha for maize(N2),and 350 kg/ha for wheat and 225 kg/ha for maize(N3).The effects of nitrogen application rates on crop yields,annual energy yield,nitrogen accumulation,and nitrogen recovery efficiency were analyzed.The results showed that nitrogen application significantly increased the yields of wheat and maize and the annual energy yield in the wheat-maize rotation system.Compared with the N0 treatment,nitrogen applied treatments increased the annual wheat yield by 2 857.81 to 3 226.11 kg/ha;the average annual maize yield increased by 2 302.37 to 2 611.64 kg/ha.Compared with the N0 treatment,the annual energy yield of the nitrogen application treatments increased by 74.59 to 84.30 GJ/ha on average,with an increase of 56.54% to 64.15%.The annual sustainability index was highest under N2 treatment,increasing by 2.56% and 0.21% compared to N1 and N3 treatments,respectively.However,the yield stability index decreased by 0.14 and 1.77 percentage points,respectively,indicating that the N3 treatment significantly reduced yield stability in the wheat-maize rotation system.Nitrogen application significantly increased the annual average nitrogen accumulation by 128.14% to 165.83% in single-season wheat, by 32.66% to 54.19% in single-season maize, and by 68.10% to 95.78% in the annual rotation.With the increase of nitrogen application rate,the nitrogen recovery efficiency decreased significantly.In the wheat season,the N1,N2,and N3 treatments were 64.65%,49.96%,and 32.66%,respectively;in the maize season,they were 73.45%,59.00%,and 36.34%,respectively.Considering the yield,nitrogen use efficiency,and sustainability,it is proposed that the appropriate nitrogen application rates for wheat and maize in the wheat-maize rotation system in the Taihang Mountain piedmont plain are 233.49 to 247.42 kg/ha and 145.35 to 150.89 kg/ha,respectively,with a total annual nitrogen application rate of 378.84 to 398.31 kg/ha.This can achieve a double win of crop yield and economic benefits,and maintain stable annual production capacity.

Key words: Wheat-maize rotation, Nitrogen application rate, Yield, Annual energy yield, Nitrogen accumulation, Nitrogen recovery efficiency

中图分类号:

郜静, 徐万强, 张珈瑜, 王雪晴, 肖广敏, 赵欧亚, 刘蕾, 王策, 王凌, 孙世友, 侯升林, 茹淑华. 施氮量对河北省山前平原小麦-玉米周年产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2026, 41(5): 119-128. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20196975.

GAO Jing, XU Wanqiang, ZHANG Jiayu, WANG Xueqing, XIAO Guangmin, ZHAO Ouya, LIU Lei, WANG Ce, WANG Ling, SUN Shiyou, HOU Shenglin, RU Shuhua. Effects of Nitrogen Application Rate on Annual Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Wheat-Maize Rotation in the Piedmont Plain of Hebei Province[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2026, 41(5): 119-128. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20196975.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2026/V41/I5/119

图/表 8

图1 不同氮肥处理小麦、玉米产量和小麦-玉米轮作体系周年能量产量 N.氮肥效应;Y.年份效应;N×Y.氮肥与年份的交互效应。^***.P<0.001,^**.P<0.01,^*.P<0.05,ns.无显著差异。图5-6同。

Fig.1 Wheat and maize yields under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments,and annual energy yield of the wheat-maize rotation system N.Nitrogen fertilizer effect;Y.Year effect;N×Y.Interaction effect of nitrogen fertilizer treatment and year.^***.P<0.001,^**.P<0.01,^*.P<0.05,ns.No significant difference.The same as Fig.5-6.

图2 不同氮肥处理作物产量稳定性指数和可持续性指数不同处理间具有统计学差异(P<0.05)的数值采用不同小写字母表示。图4同。

Fig.2 Stability index and sustainability index of crop yield under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments Values with statistical differences(P<0.05)among different treatments are marked with different lowercase letters.The same as Fig.4.

图3 不同氮肥处理小麦、玉米和周年轮作系统地上部氮素吸收累积量不同大写字母表示地上总氮累积量在各施氮处理间的差异显著;不同小写字母分别表示籽粒、秸秆氮累积量在各施氮处理间的差异显著,P<0.05。

Fig.3 Accumulated nitrogen uptake in aboveground parts of wheat,maize and the annual rotation system under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments Different uppercase letters denote significant differences in total above-ground nitrogen accumulation across various nitrogen application treatments;different lowercase letters represent significant differences in nitrogen accumulation of grain and straw among treatments,respectively,P<0.05.

图4 不同氮肥处理小麦和玉米地上部氮素分配

Fig.4 Nitrogen distribution in aboveground parts of wheat and maize under different nitrogen fertilizer treatments

表1 氮肥用量对小麦-玉米轮作系统肥料回收利用率的影响

Tab.1 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on fertilizer recovery efficiency in wheat-maize rotation system%

处理 Treatment	小麦季 Wheat season	玉米季 Maize season	轮作周年 Crop rotation year
N1	64.65±8.68a	73.45±12.05a	68.82±10.83a
N2	49.96±9.29b	59.00±5.13b	54.05±8.33b
N3	32.66±9.45c	36.34±2.82c	34.12±6.25c

图5 氮肥用量对小麦-玉米轮作系统氮肥回收利用率的影响

Fig.5 Effects of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency in the wheat-maize rotation system

图6 小麦-玉米轮作系统氮肥用量与籽粒产量、氮素累积量和氮肥回收利用率的相关性分析 NAR.施氮量;Y.产量;NA.氮素累积量;NRE.氮肥回收利用率。

Fig.6 Correlation analysis of nitrogen fertilizer application rate with grain yield,nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency in wheat-maize rotation system NAR.Nitrogen application rate;Y.Grain yield;NA.Nitrogen accumulation;NRE.Nitrogen recovery efficiency.

图7 小麦-玉米轮作系统最佳施氮量

Fig.7 Optimal nitrogen application rate in wheat-maize rotation system

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