摘要：

探究翻耕深度和有机肥用量对潮土麦田光合特性、产量形成的影响,为潮土或相近土壤类型下小麦高产稳产提供理论依据和技术支撑。于2022-2024年小麦季,在山东省德州市齐河县的典型潮土区麦田开展双因素裂区试验,主区为2种翻耕深度,包括15~20 cm(D1)与30~35 cm(D2);副区为3种有机肥施用量,分别为800(L),1 200(M),1 600 kg/hm²(H)。分析了不同翻耕深度与有机肥施用量下潮土麦田光合特性、地上部干物质积累特性、产量构成。D2M和D2H较其他处理均利于提高小麦产量及构成要素,穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量与籽粒产量的2 a均值分别显著提高了5.5%~8.5%,3.5%~12.1%,6.7%~13.2%和6.6%~12.8%。D2M和D2H处理还通过提升各生育时期的地上部干物质积累速率,不同程度地提升了拔节、开花与成熟期小麦地上部干物质积累量,较其他处理2 a均值分别提高了9.0%~22.1%,8.9%~25.8%和10.7%~24.3%。与D1翻耕深度相比,D2处理进一步提升了有机肥对各生育时期叶片SPAD的促进作用,且D2M和D2H处理在灌浆中期至后期时仍能保持较高的叶绿素含量;在M和H有机肥用量下,D2翻耕深度各生育时期叶片Pn均显著高于D1,在拔节、孕穗、开花、灌浆中期和灌浆后期,2 a均值分别显著提高12.0%~16.7%,13.7%~16.8%,13.8%~19.7%,20.2%~25.8%,24.6%~44.8%;相同有机肥用量条件下,叶片LAI 在2种耕作深度间的差异随着生育进程的推进逐渐增加,在开花和灌浆中期均以D2M和D2H表现最佳,2 a均值分别提高13.2%~27.2%,13.4%~29.4%。D2M和D2H处理均能改善植株光合特性和地上部干物质积累能力,进而优化产量构成要素实现小麦产量的大幅提升,但因D2M和D2H处理在各指标间差异均不显著,因此,基于资源节约的前提,认为翻耕深度30~35 cm和有机肥用量1 200 kg/hm²组合即可实现潮土麦田籽粒高产。

关键词: 小麦, 翻耕深度, 有机肥用量, 产量, 光合特性

Abstract:

The effects of tillage depth and organic fertilizer rates on photosynthetic characteristics,yield formation,and economic benefits of wheat were explored to provide a theoretical and technical basis for fluvo-aquic soil or similar soil types.The two-factor split-plot field experiment was conducted in the typical fluvo-aquic soil area of Qihe County,Dezhou City,Shandong Province from 2022 to 2024,where the tillage depth 15-20 cm(D1)and tillage depth 30-35 cm(D2)were assigned to the main plots,and the organic fertilizer rates of 800(L),1 200(M),and 1 600 kg/ha(H)were assigned to the subplots.The photosynthetic characteristics,aboveground dry matter accumulation characteristics and yield composition,in wheat were tested in fluvo-aquic soil under different tillage depths and organic fertilizer rates.Both D2M and D2H treatments were beneficial to improve the yield and yield components of wheat,and the spike number,kernels per spike,1000-grain weight,and grain yield significantly increased by 5.5%-8.5%,3.5%-12.1%,6.7%-13.2% and 6.6%-12.8%,compared with other treatments,respectively.D2M and D2H treatments also stabilized or increased the above-ground dry matter accumulation at jointing,anthesis,and maturity stages by improving the above-ground dry matter accumulation rate at each growth stage,which was 9.0%-22.1%,8.9%-25.8% and 10.7%-24.3% higher than averaged across the two years of other treatments,respectively.Compared with D1,D2 was more conducive to promoting the effect of organic fertilizer on the SPAD of leaves at different growth stages.Under D2M and D2H treatments,higher chlorophyll content could be maintained from the mid- to late-filling stages.Under M and H organic fertilizer application rates,the Pn of leaves at different growth stages of D2 was significantly higher than that of D1.At jointing,booting,flowering,mid-filling,and late-filling stages,on average over the two years,D2M and D2H increased significantly by 12.0% to 16.7%,13.7% to 16.8%,13.8% to 19.7%,20.2% to 25.8%,and 24.6% to 44.8%,respectively,compared with D1M and D1H.Under the same organic fertilizer application rates,the difference in leaf LAI between the two tillage depths gradually increased with the progression of the growth process.D2M and D2H performed best at anthesis and mid-filling stages,increasing by 13.2% to 27.2%,and 13.4% to 29.4%,respectively,compared with other treatments on average over the two years.In conclusion,both D2M and D2H treatments could enhance the photosynthetic characteristics of plants and the above-ground dry matter accumulation ability,thereby optimizing the yield components and achieving the drastically improvement of wheat yield.However,there were no significant differences in the indices between D2M and D2H treatments.Therefore,considering resource conservation,this study suggests that the combination of a tillage depth of 30-35 cm and an organic fertilizer application rate of 1 200 kg/ha can achieve wheat high yielding.

Key words: Wheat, Tillage depths, Organic fertilizer rates, Yield, Photosynthetic characteristics

中图分类号: 

• S512.11