摘要：

鉴于松嫩平原西部半干旱区黑土地退化严重、部分地区春季无法按时播种等背景条件下,为明确春播期土壤相关性状与玉米生长发育的作用机制,阐明针对不同土壤特性下作物适时播种的适应性规律,加强东北黑土区土壤冻融循环探究应用,以及为本气候区作物适时春播提供切实有效的理论依据和实践参考。基于黑龙江省农业科学院克山分院土壤质量长期定位监测试验地,在中厚黑土生态区冻融交替条件下,通过开展春播期不同地形地貌土壤水热状况监测以及作物播种适应性评价研究,采用大田试验,设置不同春播播期处理:SD1(4月15日)、SD2(4月20日)、SD3(4月25日)、SD4(4月30日)、SD5(5月5日)和SD6(5月10日),进行不同春播处理土壤水热性状监测及春玉米生长发育与产量形成研究分析。随着春播播期推迟,外界气温逐渐升高,伴随降雨出现,空气湿度、耕层土壤温湿度逐渐增加,土壤容重降低,水稳性团聚体占比减小,小粒级土壤颗粒占比呈上升趋势。基于不同土壤水热性状条件下,玉米抽雄期-籽粒灌浆期SD5播期处理玉米植株株高、基部节间茎粗和根系长度均显著优于其他播期处理;同时在不同生育期玉米叶片SPAD值和叶片氮含量方面也表现较优。在玉米果穗穗部性状和产量表现方面,SD4处理果穗穗行数、穗粗和籽粒粒深表现较优;同时产量最大值为13 545.23 kg/hm²,较其余处理显著增加12.58%~56.21%。基于松嫩平原西北部中厚黑土区农田生态气候实际条件以及土壤水热性状背景,春玉米适时早播可以合理利用外界光热水资源,促进植株生长发育,优化植株干物质积累,从而实现早收、抢收,达到高产稳产效果。

关键词: 中厚黑土区, 农田土壤, 水热效应, 春玉米, 适时春播

Abstract:

Given the severe degradation of black soil in the semi-arid region of the western Songnen Plain and the inability to sow on time in some areas during spring, in order to clarify the mechanism of soil correlation during spring sowing and the growth and development of maize, clarify the adaptability rules for timely sowing of crops under different soil characteristics, strengthen the exploration and application of soil freeze-thaw cycles in the black soil area of Northeast China, and provide practical and effective theoretical basis and practical reference for timely spring sowing of crops in this climate zone. This experiment was based on the long-term positioning monitoring of soil quality at the Keshan Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Under the conditions of freeze-thaw alternation in the medium thick black soil ecological zone, different terrain and landform soil water and heat conditions were monitored during the spring sowing period, and crop sowing adaptability evaluation was studied. Field experiments were conducted with different spring sowing period treatments: SD1 (April 15), SD2 (April 20), SD3 (April 25), SD4 (April 30), SD5 (May 5), and SD6(May 10) to monitor soil water and heat characteristics and analyze the growth, development, and yield formation of spring maize under different spring sowing treatments.As the spring sowing period was postponed,the external temperature gradually increased,accompanied by rainfall.The air humidity and soil temperature and humidity in the plow layer gradually increased,the soil bulk density decreased,the proportion of water stable aggregates decreased,and the proportion of small particle size soil particles showed an upward trend.Under different soil water and thermal conditions, the plant height, basal internode stem diameter, and root length of maize treated with the sowing date of SD5 during the tassel emergence stage to grain filling stage were significantly superior to those treated with other sowing dates; meanwhile, the SPAD value and leaf nitrogen content of maize leaves at different growth stages also showed better performance.In terms of maize ear traits and yield performance,SD4 treatment showed better performance in ear row number,ear shaft thickness,and seed depth;at the same time,the maximum yield was 13 545.23 kg/ha,which was significantly increased by 12.58% to 56.21% compared to the other treatments.Based on the actual ecological and climatic conditions of farmland in the middle thick black soil area in the northwest of the Songnen Plain,as well as the background of soil water and heat characteristics,timely early sowing of spring corn could make reasonable use of external light and water resources,promote plant growth and development,optimize plant dry matter accumulation,and achieve early and rapid harvest,thus achieving high and stable yield.

Key words: Medium thick black soil area, Farmland soil, Hydrothermal effect, Spring corn, Timely spring sowing

中图分类号: 

• S513玉米(玉蜀黍)

• Q945.79