农田土壤N<sub>2</sub>O排放的核心途径与影响因素探究

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20195794

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

氧化亚氮(N₂O)是一种长寿命的温室气体,与当前全球气候变暖密切相关。随着农业的发展,农田土壤成为N₂O的一大重要排放源,不仅造成了土壤氮素的损失,而且引发了严重的环境问题。农田土壤N₂O的排放已成为农业和环境领域研究的热点。为更好了解农田土壤N₂O排放机制,论述了农田土壤N₂O排放的主要生物途径(生物硝化过程、生物反硝化过程、硝化细菌的反硝化过程、硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程、真菌反硝化过程)和非生物途径,并从内源驱动因素(土壤pH值、温度、水分、铁的形态和含量、有机碳含量和组分、碳氮比、容重)和外源调控因素(氮源输入、生物炭输入、大气CO₂浓度)两方面综述了各因素对农田土壤N₂O排放的影响。明确了农田土壤N₂O排放各途径以及各影响因素的相对重要性,以期为后续制定农田土壤N₂O减排方案提供理论依据。此外也发现,在特殊条件下非生物途径对农田土壤N₂O排放有重要贡献,如在淹水情况下或微生物活动受到抑制时,且该途径受土壤pH值、金属离子(Fe、Mn)以及有机质的调控。然而,当前研究主要关注生物途径,对非生物途径及其影响因素方面的报道较为零散,缺乏系统性认识。未来的研究需要更加关注非生物途径及其与生物途径之间的相互作用,以便更全面地理解农田土壤N₂O排放机制,为农业可持续发展提供科学指导。

关键词: 农田土壤, 氧化亚氮, 生物途径, 非生物途径, 影响因素

Abstract:

Nitrous oxide(N₂O)is a long-lived greenhouse gas that is closely related to current global warming.With the development of agriculture,farmland soil has become a significant source of N₂O emissions,causing not only the loss of soil nitrogen but also serious environmental problems.The emission of N₂O from farmland soil has become a hot topic in the field of agriculture and environment.In order to better understand the mechanism of N₂O emission from farmland soil,the main biological pathways(biological nitrification,biological denitrification,denitrification by nitrifying bacteria,nitrate reduction to ammonium,fungal denitrification)and abiotic pathways of N₂O emission from farmland soil were discussed in this paper.The effects of endogenous driving factors(soil pH,temperature,moisture,iron form and content,organic carbon content and composition,carbon-nitrogen ratio and bulk density)and exogenous regulatory factors(nitrogen source input,biochar input and atmospheric CO₂ concentration)on farmland soil N₂O emission were reviewed.The relative importance of each pathway of N₂O emission and each influencing factor was clarified,in order to provide theoretical basis for the subsequent formulation of farmland soil N₂O emission reduction program.In addition,it was found that abiotic pathways contribute significantly to N₂O emissions under special conditions,such as flooding or when microbial activity is inhibited,and this pathway is regulated by soil pH value,metal ions(Fe,Mn)and organic matter.However,current studies mainly focus on biological pathways,and the reports on abiotic pathways and their influencing factors are scattered,lacking systematic understanding.Future studies need to pay more attention to abiotic pathways and their interactions with biological pathways in order to better understand the mechanism of soil N₂O emission in farmland and provide scientific guidance for sustainable agricultural development.

Key words: Farmland soil, Nitrous oxide, Biotic pathway, Abiotic pathway, Influencing factor

中图分类号:

樊亦敏, 梁飞, 樊梓前, 张明虎, 王娅静. 农田土壤N₂O排放的核心途径与影响因素探究[J]. 华北农学报, 2025, 40(S1): 229-239. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195794.

FAN Yimin, LIANG Fei, FAN Ziqian, ZHANG Minghu, WANG Yajing. Study on the Core Pathways and Influencing Factors of N₂O Emission from Farmland Soils[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2025, 40(S1): 229-239. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20195794.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2025/V40/IS1/229

图/表 3

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化学反应方程式 Chemical reaction equation	参考文献 Reference
2${{\mathrm{NH}}_{4}}^{+}$+8FeOOH+14H⁺ → N₂O+8Fe²⁺+15H₂O	[30]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+8 Fe²⁺+11H₂O → N₂O+8FeOOH+14H⁺	[27]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+12 Fe²⁺+11H₂O → N₂O+4Fe₃O₄+22H⁺	[27]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+FeO+2H⁺ → N₂O+4FeOOH+1/2H₂O+7/4O₂	[31]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+MnO+2H⁺ → N₂O+MnO₂+3/2O₂+H₂O	[31]
2NH₂OH+4Fe³⁺ → N₂O+4Fe²⁺+H₂O+4H⁺	[32]
NH₂OH+4FeOOH+8H⁺ → N₂O+4Fe²⁺+9H₂O	[33]
2NH₂OH+2MnO₂+MnO+1/2O₂+4H⁺ → N₂O+2Mn²⁺+5H₂O	[31]
2NH₂OH+2MnO₂ → N₂O+2MnO+3H₂O	[31]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+H⁺ → N₂O+H₂O	[34]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+4Fe²⁺+5H₂O → N₂O+4FeOOH+6H⁺	[27]
2NO+2Fe²⁺+2H⁺ → N₂O+2Fe³⁺+H₂O	[30]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+有机质→硝基苯酚类→醌肟化合物→ N₂、N₂O、NO和NO₂等	[35]

化学反应方程式 Chemical reaction equation	参考文献 Reference
2${{\mathrm{NH}}_{4}}^{+}$+8FeOOH+14H⁺ → N₂O+8Fe²⁺+15H₂O	[30]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+8 Fe²⁺+11H₂O → N₂O+8FeOOH+14H⁺	[27]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+12 Fe²⁺+11H₂O → N₂O+4Fe₃O₄+22H⁺	[27]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+FeO+2H⁺ → N₂O+4FeOOH+1/2H₂O+7/4O₂	[31]
2${{\mathrm{NO}}_{3}}^{-}$+MnO+2H⁺ → N₂O+MnO₂+3/2O₂+H₂O	[31]
2NH₂OH+4Fe³⁺ → N₂O+4Fe²⁺+H₂O+4H⁺	[32]
NH₂OH+4FeOOH+8H⁺ → N₂O+4Fe²⁺+9H₂O	[33]
2NH₂OH+2MnO₂+MnO+1/2O₂+4H⁺ → N₂O+2Mn²⁺+5H₂O	[31]
2NH₂OH+2MnO₂ → N₂O+2MnO+3H₂O	[31]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+H⁺ → N₂O+H₂O	[34]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+4Fe²⁺+5H₂O → N₂O+4FeOOH+6H⁺	[27]
2NO+2Fe²⁺+2H⁺ → N₂O+2Fe³⁺+H₂O	[30]
${{\mathrm{NO}}_{2}}^{-}$+有机质→硝基苯酚类→醌肟化合物→ N₂、N₂O、NO和NO₂等	[35]

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农田土壤N2O排放的核心途径与影响因素探究

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农田土壤N₂O排放的核心途径与影响因素探究

Study on the Core Pathways and Influencing Factors of N₂O Emission from Farmland Soils