控释掺混肥在结球生菜上的减量施用效应

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192345

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索露地结球生菜轻简高效的养分管理措施,选择京郊生菜种植园区,设置不施氮对照(CK)、常规施肥(CF)、常规减肥(-20%CF)和控释掺混肥(-20%CU)4个处理,研究了控释掺混肥一次性减量施肥对结球生菜产量、品质、叶片生理特征、养分吸收、土壤硝态氮残留的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥相比,在氮、磷、钾肥减量20%的情况下,控释掺混肥处理的结球生菜总产量和经济产量分别提高2.32%和3.28%,硝酸盐含量显著降低29.98%。在结球生菜生长期内,控释掺混肥处理在不同生育期(苗期、莲座期、结球中期和收获期)的结球生菜叶片叶绿素含量和氮代谢酶活性(谷氨酸合成酶、硝酸还原酶、亚硝酸还原酶、谷氨酸合成酶、谷氨酸脱氢酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶)与常规施肥差异不大,在结球生菜收获后,所有处理在0~100 cm土体内的残留硝酸盐含量总体不高,相对来说,控释掺混肥处理有一定的硝酸盐淋洗风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥一次性减量施肥在稳定结球生菜产量的前提下,可显著提升生菜品质,在规模化结球生菜生产中具有较大的应用价值。

关键词: 结球生菜, 控释掺混肥, 氮肥利用率, 生理特征

Abstract:

In order to explore a simple and efficient nutrient management method for open field head lettuce production,a field experiment was carried out in lettuce planting park of Beijing suburb.No nitrogen(CK),conventional fertilization(CF),conventional fertilization with 20% rate reduction of N,P and K(-20%CF),as well as controlled release blended fertilizer with 20% rate reduction of N,P and K(-20%CU)were included in this experiment.The effects of single basal application of controlled-release blended fertilizer on yield,quality,nutrient absorption,physiological characteristics of leaves,and soil nitrate nitrogen residue were investigated.The results showed that compared to CF,the total yield and economic yield of lettuce of-20%CU were increased by 2.32% and 3.28%,respectively;nitrate content of lettuce was significantly decreased by 29.98%.During the growth period of heading lettuce,the chlorophyll content and nitrogen metabolism enzyme activities(glutamate synthase,nitrate reductase,nitrite reductase,glutamate synthase,glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthase)of the leaves of heading lettuce treated with controlled release blended fertilizer at different growth stages(seedling stage,rosette stage,middle heading stage and harvest stage)were not different from those of conventional fertilization.At harvest,the residual nitrate content in 0-100 cm soil of all treatments was generally not high,but the treatment of controlled-release blended fertilizer had a certain risk of nitrate leaching.In conclusion,single basal application of controlled release blended fertilizer with application rate reduction can significantly improve the quality of lettuce,the premise of stabilizing the yield of head lettuce.It has great prospective in large-scale production of head lettuce.

Key words: Head lettuce, Controlled release blended fertilizer, Nitrogen utility efficiency, Physiological characteristics

曹兵, 王学霞, 倪小会, 陈延华, 文方芳, 刘自飞, 张梦佳, 左强, 邹国元, 张雪莲. 控释掺混肥在结球生菜上的减量施用效应[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(2): 104-111. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192345.

CAO Bing, WANG Xuexia, NI Xiaohui, CHEN Yanhua, WEN Fangfang, LIU Zifei, ZHANG Mengjia, ZUO Qiang, ZOU Guoyuan, ZHANG Xuelian. Effects of Controlled Release Blended Fertilizer with Application Rate Reduction on Head Lettuce[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(2): 104-111. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192345.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I2/104

图/表 7

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处理 Treatment	化肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 施用量 Chemical fertilizer application rate	底肥施用量 Base fertilizer application rate					追肥施用量 Topdressing fertilizer application rate
处理 Treatment	化肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 施用量 Chemical fertilizer application rate	包膜尿素 Coated urea	尿素 Urea	复合肥 (15-15-15) Compound fertilizer	重钙 Diammonium phosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer
CK	0-78-184	0	0	0	177	366	0	0	0
CF	176-98-230	0	0	450	0	0	150	225	225
-20%CF	141-78-184	0	0	360	0	0	120	180	180
-20%CU	141-78-184	253	62	0	177	366	0	0	0

处理 Treatment	化肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 施用量 Chemical fertilizer application rate	底肥施用量 Base fertilizer application rate					追肥施用量 Topdressing fertilizer application rate
处理 Treatment	化肥(N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 施用量 Chemical fertilizer application rate	包膜尿素 Coated urea	尿素 Urea	复合肥 (15-15-15) Compound fertilizer	重钙 Diammonium phosphate	硫酸钾 Potassium sulfate	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer	水溶肥 (18-5-27) Water soluble fertilizer
CK	0-78-184	0	0	0	177	366	0	0	0
CF	176-98-230	0	0	450	0	0	150	225	225
-20%CF	141-78-184	0	0	360	0	0	120	180	180
-20%CU	141-78-184	253	62	0	177	366	0	0	0

处理 Treatment	总产量/(t/hm²) Total yield	经济产量/(t/hm²) Commercial yield	硝酸盐/(mg/kg) Nitrate nitrogen	维生素C/(mg/kg) Vitamin C
CK	56.8±2.7a	36.7±0.9a	555.2±2.8c	5.5±0.7a
CF	58.7±3.3a	37.2±1.9a	945.2±9.5a	5.7±0.3a
-20%CF	59.2±1.6a	37.7±1.0a	745.8±12.3b	5.2±0.3a
-20%CU	60.1±4.8a	38.4±2.9a	661.8±50.7b	5.9±0.7a

处理 Treatment	总产量/(t/hm²) Total yield	经济产量/(t/hm²) Commercial yield	硝酸盐/(mg/kg) Nitrate nitrogen	维生素C/(mg/kg) Vitamin C
CK	56.8±2.7a	36.7±0.9a	555.2±2.8c	5.5±0.7a
CF	58.7±3.3a	37.2±1.9a	945.2±9.5a	5.7±0.3a
-20%CF	59.2±1.6a	37.7±1.0a	745.8±12.3b	5.2±0.3a
-20%CU	60.1±4.8a	38.4±2.9a	661.8±50.7b	5.9±0.7a

处理 Treatment	吸氮量/(kg/hm²) N absorption	吸磷量/(kg/hm²) P absorption	吸钾量/(kg/hm²) K absorption	施氮量/(kg/hm²) N application rate	氮肥利用率/% N utility efficiency
CK	74.77±2.76b	18.31±1.20a	126.03±4.12a	0
CF	97.58±6.24ab	25.05±2.51a	147.20±11.68a	176
-20%CF	84.83±3.81b	18.76±0.78a	133.25±6.88a	141	7.14
-20%CU	110.10±12.52a	24.24±5.09a	132.77±7.88a	141	25.10

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