摘要： 在高肥力(文水)、中肥力(祁县)、低肥力(东阳)条件下,研究了不同管理模式(无氮肥对照、农户习惯、优化处理、高产高效处理)对春玉米土壤剖面硝态氮分布、累积与氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。通过3年定位试验,结果表明,春玉米收获后0~200cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量,在2011,2012年3个试验点都表现为:农户习惯 >高产高效 >优化处理 >无氮对照。文水试验点硝态氮累积量最高,三季平均为287.7kg/hm²,比东阳和祁县土壤硝态氮累积量分别高18.4%和11.6%。氮素表观损失在3个肥力水平都均表现为农户习惯>高产高效>优化处理>无氮对照。作物携出量在3个肥力水平均表现为:高产高效 >优化处理 >农户习惯 >无氮对照。在2011,2012年氮素农学利用率均表现为:高产高效处理 >优化处理 >农户习惯,2013年氮素回收率最高为祁县。高产高效处理达67.6%。通过合理的管理模式,可以在提高产量的同时显著提高氮素的利用率,并降低土壤中硝态氮的残留量。

关键词: 春玉米, 硝态氮, 氮素平衡, 氮素利用率

Abstract: The effects of different management patterns(Control treatment/CK,Farmer practice treatment/FP,Optimized application treatment/OPT,High yield and high efficiency treatment/HY),nitrate nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen balance and use efficiency in 3 sites(WS,QX,DY) with different soil fertilities (high,mid,low).The results of three-year field experiments showed that the nitrate nitrogen accumulations decreased in the order:FP>HY>OPT>CK in 0-200 cm soil profiles,at the harvest stage(2011,2012) of spring maize in 3 sites.The highest nitrate nitrogen residue average was 287.7 kg/ha at the site of WS,respectively 18.4% and 11.6% higher compared with the site of DY and QX.The nitrogen apparent losses were the highest from FP,which were FP>HY>OPT>CK in 3 sites,except the CK treatment.The crop uptake decreased as HY>OPT>FP>CK at all the sites.Nitrogen agronomic use efficiency decreased as HY>OPT>FP(2011,2012),the highest nitrogen recovery efficiency was HY(67.6%) at the site of QX(2013).The residue mineral N and nitrogen apparent losses were influenced by soil fertilities,whereas nitrogen utilization were no significantly with soil fertilities.It was suggested that the pattern like HY with controlled N application rate and increasing organic fertilizer should be generalized,to reduce nitrate nitrogen residue and improve N use efficiency.

Key words: Spring maize, Nitrate nitrogen, Nitrogen balance, Nitrogen use efficiency

中图分类号: 

• S158.3

• S143.1