摘要： 通过2年大田试验，研究优化施肥对东营滨海盐渍土棉花生长及土壤养分供应能力的影响。设不施肥、农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥4个处理。结果表明：与农民传统施肥对比，优化施肥及优化施肥+有机肥处理有效提高了棉花产量、肥料农学利用率、偏生产力；施肥改变了土壤盐基离子组成，农民传统施肥、优化施肥、优化施肥+有机肥处理Na⁺及Cl^-所占比分别减少2.29%，3.45%，6.15%，K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-有不同程度的提高；优化施肥+有机肥处理能明显提高土壤微生物和酶活性，其中脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性分别比传统施肥和优化施肥高7.8%~17.0%和5.0%~13.3%；施肥提高了土壤速效养分，优化施肥+有机肥处理速效P和速效K含量总体处于较高水平，而N0₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量总体表现为传统施肥 > 优化施肥+有机肥 > 优化施肥 > 不施肥，这说明优化施肥能有效降低土壤NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N含量，进而NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N的流失风险也随之减小。采用N、K肥基施+蕾期花期2次追施的优化施肥处理，不仅减少了肥料用量，而且提高了产量，配合施用有机肥增产效果更为显著。

关键词: 优化施肥, 盐渍土, 棉花生长, 土壤养分供应

Abstract: Effects of optimized fertilization on plant growth and soil nutrients supply in saline fields of Dongying City were studied under filed condition for two years.Four treatments consisting of no fertilization, farmers traditional fertilization,optimized fertilization,optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer.The results showed that cotton seed yield,fertilizer agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity was effectively enhanced by optimized fertilization and optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer,compared to farmers traditional fertilization.Composition of saline ions was changed by fertilizer application which was remarkably higher than no fertilization in various degree in the contents of K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and SO₄^2-,meanwhile the percentage of Na⁺and Cl^- was reduced 2.29%,3.45%and 6.15% by farmers traditional fertilization,optimized fertilization and optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer. Microorganism and enzyme activity of soil was increased by optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer significantly, that the activity of urase and alkaline phosphatase was enhanced 7.8%-17.0% and 5.0%-13.3% respectively, compared to farmers traditional fertilization and optimized fertilization. The available nutrients of soil were increased by fertilizer application, which showed that the available P and K contents of optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer treatment were in higher levels. Meanwhile, the NO₃^--N and NH₄⁺-N contents were farmers traditional fertilization > optimized fertilization+organic fertilizer > optimized fertilization > no fertilization, that it indicated that the contents of NO₃^-N and NH₄⁺-N were reduced by optimized fertilization,then the risk of running off would be re duced.In the condition of reducing chemical fertilizer, useing the optimized treatment of nitrogen and potassium basal application and dressing at bud and flowering stage could not only ensure the purpose of cotton yield, but also reduce the dosage of fertilizer, meanwhile the effect of cotton yield while cooperating with organic fertilizer was better.

Key words: Optimized fertilization, Saline soil, Cotton growth, Soil nutrients supply

中图分类号: 

• S562