黏土矿物与酸性化学物质复配添加剂对牛粪堆肥氮素损失的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20193667

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为有效控制畜禽粪便堆肥过程中的氮素损失,采用反应器进行模拟堆肥试验方法,以鲜牛粪为原料、玉米秸秆为辅料,研究不同黏土矿物与化学物质复配添加剂对牛粪堆肥过程中氮素损失、氮素形态转化规律以及理化性质的影响。结果表明,添加剂未对物料的腐熟过程造成显著影响,堆肥结束后有机肥种子发芽率和pH值均达到《有机肥料》(NY525-2021)的要求。添加黏土矿物蛭石和膨润土后,牛粪堆肥过程中氨气总排放量均较对照显著下降,分别为21.83%和14.22%;而黏土矿物与化学物质复配可进一步降低堆肥氨排放,以蛭石+过磷酸钙组合的氨减排效果最佳,其次是蛭石+磷酸二氢钙组合,氨气排放总量均较单一蛭石处理显著下降,分别为28.47%和21.18%。相关分析表明,在物料pH值7.0~8.0,堆体氨排放总量与物料pH值呈线性相关关系(y=52.97x-351.77,r=0.83),物料pH值每降低0.1个单位,氨排放总量可降低5.30 g/kg。堆肥结束后各处理全氮含量较对照处理增加6~14百分点。可见,黏土矿物与磷酸二氢钙、木醋液、过磷酸钙等化学物质复配,可有效降低堆体pH值,减少堆肥过程中的氨排放总量,增加堆肥中氮含量,进而实现牛粪堆肥过程中的保氮增肥功效,以蛭石和过磷酸钙复配的效果最佳。

关键词: 牛粪, 堆肥, 复合添加剂, 氨气排放, 氮素损失

Abstract:

In order to effectively control the nitrogen loss during the livestock manure composting process,a reactor was used for a simulated composting test.Fresh cattle manure as raw material,and maize straw as assist material,to investigate the effects of different clay minerals and chemical substances compound additives on nitrogen loss,nitrogen morphological transformation law and physicochemical properties during the cow manure composting process.The results showed that the compound additives were no impact on the decay process of the material.The index of seed germination rate and pH meets the standard requirements of organic fertilizer(NY525-2002).Adding clay minerals of vermiculite or bentonite,total emission of ammonia decreased by 21.83% and 14.22% than CK,respectively.While,the combination of clay mineral+acid additive could further reduce the ammonia emission.Vermiculite+calcium perphosphate(ZK+CaP)was the best treatment,the second was vermiculite+calcium dihydrogen phosphate combination,total emission of ammonia significantly decreased by 28.47% and 21.18% than single vermiculite treatment.Results of the correlation analysis showed linear correlations were found between pH and total nitrogen content(y=52.97x-351.77,r=0.83),in the pH range of 7.0-8.0.The total ammonia emission was reduced by 5.30 g/kg,because the pH decreased by 0.1 units in a certain range.Total nitrogen content increased by 6-14 percentage points compared with CK.So clay minerals were combined with calcium dihydrogen phosphate,wood acetate and calcium perphosphate,which could reduce the pH effectively,further reduce the ammonia emissions,increase the nitrogen content,and realize the effect of nitrogen preservation and fertilizer increase in the process of cow manure composting,and the combination of vermiculite+calcium perphosphate was the best treatment.

Key words: Cow dung, Compost, Compound additive, Ammonia emission, Nitrogen loss

赵欧亚, 王雪晴, 徐万强, 侯利敏, 孙世友, 茹淑华, 肖广敏, 王策, 刘蕾, 董景湘. 黏土矿物与酸性化学物质复配添加剂对牛粪堆肥氮素损失的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2024, 39(S1): 167-174. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193667.

ZHAO Ouya, WANG Xueqing, XU Wanqiang, HOU Limin, SUN Shiyou, RU Shuhua, XIAO Guangmin, WANG Ce, LIU Lei, DONG Jingxiang. Study on the Control Effect of Compound Additives on Nitrogen Loss in Cow Manure and Straw Compost[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2024, 39(S1): 167-174. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20193667.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2024/V39/IS1/167

图/表 8

表1 试验方案

Tab.1 Experiment design

处理 Treatment	添加剂种类及添加量 Additive type and amount	处理 Treatment	添加剂种类及添加量 Additive type and amount
CK
ZS	蛭石(2.5%)	PR	膨润土(2.5%)
ZS+PCa	蛭石(2.5%)+磷酸二氢钙(2.5%)	PR+PCa	膨润土(2.5%)+磷酸二氢钙(2.5%)
ZS+MC	蛭石(2.5%)+木醋液(2.5%)	PR+MC	膨润土(2.5%)+木醋液(2.5%)
ZS+CaP	蛭石(2.5%)+过磷酸钙(2.5%)	PR+CaP	膨润土(2.5%)+过磷酸钙(2.5%)

图1 不同处理牛粪堆肥过程中温度变化

Fig.1 Temperature change during cow manure composting under different treatments

图2 不处理牛粪堆肥后种子发芽率、pH值变化图柱上不同小写字母表示同一品种间不同处理在0.05水平具有差异显著性。

Fig.2 Changes in seed germination rate and pH after cow manure composting without treatment. Different lowercase letters on the graph bars indicate significant differences between different treatments of the same species at the 0.05 level.

图3 不同处理牛粪堆肥过程中氨气挥发速率

Fig.3 Volatile rate of ammonia gas under different treatments

图4 不同处理牛粪堆肥过程中氨气累积挥发量

Fig.4 Cumulative volatile amount of ammonia gas under different treatments

图5 不同处理牛粪堆肥过程中铵态氮素含量变化

Fig.5 Changes in ammonium and nitrogen content during cow manure composting

图6 不同处理牛粪堆肥过程中硝态氮素含量的变化

Fig.6 Changes of nitrate nitrogen content during cattle manure composting

图7 牛粪堆肥过程中全氮含量的变化

Fig.7 Changes in total nitrogen content during cattle manure composting

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