稻鸭共育对直播水稻田间杂草群落组成及多样性的影响

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20192545

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为探索稻鸭共育下直播水稻田间杂草种类和群落组成的动态变化,连续2 a运用植物群落生态的方法研究不喷施除草剂(CK)、喷施除草剂(RH)、养鸭不喷施除草剂(DK)和养鸭喷施除草剂(DH)的控草效果和田间杂草群落组成的变化特点。结果表明:2 a中DK处理对田间杂草防控效果为47.00%,低于RH处理的93.88%和DH处理的100.00%,且在水稻分蘖盛期、抽穗期和乳熟期均形成以稗草、鸭舌草、异型莎草和千金子组成的优势杂草,优势杂草总和分别占到总杂草比例的71.20%,92.29%和94.03%;单子叶杂草和禾本科杂草均在水稻分蘖盛期至乳熟期成为优势群落,且在乳熟期占总杂草的比例分别达到97.57%和64.97%,双子叶杂草和阔叶杂草所占比例分别为2.43%和8.55%。2 a中DK处理在分蘖盛期至乳熟期Shannon-Wiener 指数和Simpon指数均低于CK处理,且高于RH处理,但DK和CK处理的Simpon指数和Pielou均匀度指数在抽穗期和乳熟期差异不显著,而与RH处理差异显著,这表明DK处理能够改变稻田杂草群落组成和多样性,并且对田间杂草的防控作用不明显,田间发生草害将影响水稻产量的形成,最终使得水稻减产严重。

关键词: 稻鸭共育, 直播水稻, 杂草防控, 杂草群落, 杂草多样性

Abstract:

In this regard,we carried out a research to study the dynamic changes of the weeds varieties and community composition under rice-duck farming.The experiment lasted for two years from the perspective of plant community ecology,four different treatment were adopted in the research,that was,not using of herbicide(CK),using herbicide(RH),not using herbicide under duck farming(DK),and using herbicide under duck farming(DH).Results showed that in the two years,DK reduced weeds by 47.00%,lower than 93.88% in RH and 100.00% in DH.DK also saw the formation of dominant weeds consisting of Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) Beauv, Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl, Cyperus rotundus L., and Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees in the full tiller stage,heading stage,and milk ripe stage.Dominant weeds respectively accounted for 71.20%,92.29%,and 94.03% of the total weeds in the above three stages.Monocotyledon weeds and gramineous weeds became dominant communities from full tiller stage to milk ripe stage,respectively accounting for 97.57% and 64.97% of the total weeds in the milk ripe stage.And the proportion of dicotyledon weeds and broadleaf weeds were 2.43% and 8.55%,respectively.The two-year experiment also saw the Shannon-Wiener Index and Simpon Index in DK treatment lower than those in CK and higher than those in RH.The Simpon Index and Pielou Evenness Index of DK and CK were not significantly different in heading stage and milk ripe stage,but DK had significant difference with RH.It indicated that although DK treatment could change the weeds community composition and diversity,its prevention and control on weeds was not significant.

Key words: Rice-duck farming, Direct seeding rice, Weeds prevention and control, Weeds community, Weeds diversity

梁玉刚, 周晶, 余政军, 李静怡, 黄璜, 赵正洪. 稻鸭共育对直播水稻田间杂草群落组成及多样性的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2022, 37(2): 160-170. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192545.

LIANG Yugang, ZHOU Jing, YU Zhengjun, LI Jingyi, HUANG Huang, ZHAO Zhenghong. Effect of Rice-duck Farming on the Composition and Diversity of the Weed Community in Direct Seeding Rice Paddies[J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2022, 37(2): 160-170. doi: 10.7668/hbnxb.20192545.

http://www.hbnxb.net/CN/Y2022/V37/I2/160

图/表 8

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年份 Year	处理 Treatment	实际产量/ (t/hm²) Actual yield	有效穗数/ (×10⁵穗/hm²) Productive panicle number	穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	结实率/% Maturing rate	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight
2015	CK	2.38±0.05c	15.34±1.09c	90.23±1.45b	76.96±0.90c	24.19±0.36c
	DK	3.81±0.11b	25.21±0.92b	97.11±2.42b	86.42±0.69b	25.07±0.22b
	RH	7.58±0.22a	32.02±0.83a	115.11±4.48a	93.27±1.00a	26.41±0.09a
	DH	7.40±0.14a	31.48±1.64a	111.82±3.57a	95.35±0.46a	26.46±0.29a
2016	CK	2.81±0.06c	16.54±0.49c	100.23±1.45b	79.27±0.78c	24.33±0.65b
	DK	3.93±0.14b	26.01±1.06b	107.11±2.42b	87.69±0.62b	24.95±0.43b
	RH	7.74±0.16a	30.95±1.50a	122.11±4.48a	93.65±0.95a	27.27±0.23a
	DH	7.69±0.15a	30.15±0.87a	118.82±3.57a	95.62±0.44a	27.32±0.12a

年份 Year	处理 Treatment	实际产量/ (t/hm²) Actual yield	有效穗数/ (×10⁵穗/hm²) Productive panicle number	穗粒数 Grain number per panicle	结实率/% Maturing rate	千粒质量/g 1000-grain weight
2015	CK	2.38±0.05c	15.34±1.09c	90.23±1.45b	76.96±0.90c	24.19±0.36c
	DK	3.81±0.11b	25.21±0.92b	97.11±2.42b	86.42±0.69b	25.07±0.22b
	RH	7.58±0.22a	32.02±0.83a	115.11±4.48a	93.27±1.00a	26.41±0.09a
	DH	7.40±0.14a	31.48±1.64a	111.82±3.57a	95.35±0.46a	26.46±0.29a
2016	CK	2.81±0.06c	16.54±0.49c	100.23±1.45b	79.27±0.78c	24.33±0.65b
	DK	3.93±0.14b	26.01±1.06b	107.11±2.42b	87.69±0.62b	24.95±0.43b
	RH	7.74±0.16a	30.95±1.50a	122.11±4.48a	93.65±0.95a	27.27±0.23a
	DH	7.69±0.15a	30.15±0.87a	118.82±3.57a	95.62±0.44a	27.32±0.12a

年份 Year	杂草群落 Weeds community	群落密度/(株/m²) Community density				防控效果/% Prevention and control effect
年份 Year	杂草群落 Weeds community	CK	DK	RH	DH	DK	RH	DH
2015	单子叶杂草	38.14	22.44	2.95	0.00	41.16	92.27	100.00
	双子叶杂草	2.28	0.26	0.00	0.00	88.60	100.00	100.00
	阔叶杂草	7.11	1.83	0.00	0.00	74.26	100.00	100.00
	禾本科杂草	21.61	15.98	2.95	0.00	26.05	86.35	100.00
	莎草科杂草	11.70	4.89	0.00	0.00	58.21	100.00	100.00
	总计	40.42	22.70	2.95	0.00	43.84	92.70	100.00
2016	单子叶杂草	48.38	25.15	2.59	0.00	48.02	94.65	100.00
	双子叶杂草	4.03	0.97	0.00	0.00	75.93	100.00	100.00
	阔叶杂草	7.82	2.36	0.00	0.00	69.82	100.00	100.00
	禾本科杂草	30.63	15.55	1.71	0.00	49.23	94.42	100.00
	莎草科杂草	13.97	8.21	0.88	0.00	41.23	93.70	100.00
	总计	52.41	26.12	2.59	0.00	50.16	95.06	100.00

年份 Year	杂草群落 Weeds community	群落密度/(株/m²) Community density				防控效果/% Prevention and control effect
年份 Year	杂草群落 Weeds community	CK	DK	RH	DH	DK	RH	DH
2015	单子叶杂草	38.14	22.44	2.95	0.00	41.16	92.27	100.00
	双子叶杂草	2.28	0.26	0.00	0.00	88.60	100.00	100.00
	阔叶杂草	7.11	1.83	0.00	0.00	74.26	100.00	100.00
	禾本科杂草	21.61	15.98	2.95	0.00	26.05	86.35	100.00
	莎草科杂草	11.70	4.89	0.00	0.00	58.21	100.00	100.00
	总计	40.42	22.70	2.95	0.00	43.84	92.70	100.00
2016	单子叶杂草	48.38	25.15	2.59	0.00	48.02	94.65	100.00
	双子叶杂草	4.03	0.97	0.00	0.00	75.93	100.00	100.00
	阔叶杂草	7.82	2.36	0.00	0.00	69.82	100.00	100.00
	禾本科杂草	30.63	15.55	1.71	0.00	49.23	94.42	100.00
	莎草科杂草	13.97	8.21	0.88	0.00	41.23	93.70	100.00
	总计	52.41	26.12	2.59	0.00	50.16	95.06	100.00

年份 Year	杂草种类 Weeds variety	五叶期Five leaf period				分蘖盛期Full tiller stage
年份 Year	杂草种类 Weeds variety	CK	DK	RH	DH	CK		DK	RH	DH
2015	稗草	5.98±1.66a	6.72±0.61a	6.67±0.48a	6.13±2.03a	7.65±0.68a		6.91±0.54b	0.92±0.21c	0.52±0.19c
	鸭舌草	5.63±0.54a	5.23±1.82a	4.87±1.70a	5.66±0.74a	7.05±1.14a		4.92±0.58a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	异型莎草	11.93±1.19a	12.79±0.83a	11.85±2.68a	12.61±1.38a	14.72±0.89a		9.58±0.89b	2.44±1.26c	0.42±0.21d
	千金子	12.87±0.57a	11.77±2.41a	12.88±0.71a	12.05±1.96a	15.07±0.90a		11.45±0.58b	3.34±0.85c	0.16±0.06d
	李氏禾	0.93±0.20a	0.89±0.76a	1.44±1.05a	1.46±0.87a	1.81±0.41a		0.89±0.23a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	矮慈姑	11.50±0.97a	11.46±1.53a	10.75±1.18a	10.93±0.56a	11.10±0.69a		2.45±1.12b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	看麦娘	1.29±0.39a	1.87±0.63a	1.20±0.74a	1.27±0.68a	1.68±0.37a		1.43±0.23a	0.00±.000b	0.00±0.00b
	四叶萍	6.62±1.47a	6.39±1.76a	7.26±1.07a	7.16±0.69a	6.51±0.51a		1.51±0.37b	0.00±.000c	0.00±0.00c
	水竹叶	6.88±0.43a	6.89±0.82a	8.13±2.83a	7.85±1.32a	6.93±0.32a		1.96±0.39b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	陌上菜	4.15±0.83a	3.78±0.93a	3.75±1.00a	4.49±2.11a	3.87±0.52a		0.53±0.27b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	鱧肠	15.23±1.47a	14.67±1.03a	13.53±1.17a	14.70±0.95a	13.98±0.36a		3.85±0.65b	0.30±0.15c	0.00±0.00d
	节节菜	1.15±0.52a	1.41±1.21a	0.98±0.89a	0.83±0.21a	1.13±0.30a		0.38±0.26b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
2016	稗草	8.79±0.52a	8.15±1.70a	8.13±2.34a	7.74±1.47a	10.04±1.19a		7.78±1.42b	0.82±0.47c	0.00±0.00d
	鸭舌草	8.48±1.14a	9.04±1.89a	7.98±2.11a	8.55±0.95a	9.56±0.88a		5.58±0.65b	0.73±0.17c	0.00±0.00d
	异型莎草	15.49±1.64a	16.25±1.21a	17.02±0.89a	16.25±0.64a	21.04±1.63a		13.35±1.24b	1.47±0.88c	0.00±0.00d
	千金子	12.28±1.22a	11.65±1.63a	12.26±0.83a	12.94±2.63a	19.55±2.60a		9.99±0.64b	1.46±0.82c	0.00±0.00d
	李氏禾	0.96±0.37a	1.32±0.85a	1.00±0.44a	0.79±0.30a	0.98±0.37a		0.58±0.29a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	矮慈姑	12.29±1.32a	11.88±1.59a	11.78±1.91a	12.04±1.19a	11.83±0.89a		3.47±1.50b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	看麦娘	0.94±0.43a	1.46±0.55a	1.32±0.95a	0.87±0.24a	1.57±0.69a		0.63±0.24b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	四叶萍	4.65±0.64a	5.02±0.88a	4.76±0.73a	4.24±1.25a	5.49±0.92a		0.48±0.14b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	水竹叶	5.23±0.80a	4.65±1.30a	3.97±1.97a	4.42±0.58a	6.03±1.68a		2.39±1.06b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	陌上菜	10.21±2.00a	11.05±1.24a	11.32±1.82a	10.89±1.40a	11.15±0.95a		3.57±1.18b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	鱧肠	15.89±1.82a	14.76±1.91a	15.07±2.24a	15.48±2.01a	16.11±1.31a		3.39±2.92b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	节节菜	2.93±0.49a	3.39±1.22a	3.85±1.31a	3.47±1.01a	5.05±1.50a		1.02±0.42b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
年份 Year	杂草种类 Weeds variety	抽穗期Heading stage					乳熟期Milk ripe stage
年份 Year	杂草种类 Weeds variety	CK	DK	RH	DH	CK		DK	RH	DH
2015	稗草	7.74±0.69a	6.74±0.60b	0.75±0.09c	0.08±0.04c	7.75±0.58a		6.68±0.61b	0.53±0.25c	0.00±0.00d
	鸭舌草	6.76±0.90a	4.52±0.63a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	2.70±0.70a		1.58±0.56b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	异型莎草	13.18±1.79a	8.90±0.24b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	11.70±1.17a		4.89±0.49b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	千金子	14.28±1.67a	9.69±1.11b	2.54±0.57c	0.00±0.00d	11.69±1.31a		8.48±0.72b	2.42±0.40c	0.00±0.00d
	李氏禾	1.76±0.41a	0.85±0.27a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	1.61±0.16a		0.82±0.28b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	矮慈姑	3.36±1.00a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.28±0.27a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	看麦娘	0.60±0.24a	0.14±0.10b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.56±0.20a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	四叶萍	0.96±0.39a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.48±0.40a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	水竹叶	5.38±0.66a	0.18±0.15b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.38±0.67a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	陌上菜	2.67±0.65a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	1.20±0.55a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	鱧肠	1.71±0.79a	0.51±0.18b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.08±0.16a		0.26±0.18b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	节节菜	0.30±0.25a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00a		0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a
2016	稗草	10.01±1.22a	7.76±1.30b	0.33±0.12c	0.00±0.00c	9.94±1.18a		7.77±1.28b	0.33±0.12c	0.00±0.00c
	鸭舌草	3.38±1.11a	1.05±0.18b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.97±0.61a		0.90±0.22b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	异型莎草	18.75±0.61a	8.21±1.20b	1.06±0.21c	0.00±0.00d	13.97±1.68a		8.21±1.11b	0.88±0.20c	0.00±0.00d
	千金子	22.38±1.60a	7.98±1.30b	1.36±0.56c	0.00±0.00d	19.81±1.15a		7.33±0.39b	1.38±0.72c	0.00±0.00d
	李氏禾	1.00±0.34a	0.46±0.27b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	0.87±0.23a		0.46±0.27b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	矮慈姑	2.42±1.14a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00a		0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a
	看麦娘	0.77±0.36a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00a		0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a
	四叶萍	0.30±0.32a	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00a		0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a	0.00±0.00a
	水竹叶	3.33±1.18a	0.57±0.10b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.81±0.89a		0.49±0.13b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	陌上菜	4.25±0.90a	0.80±0.46b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.20±0.46a		0.52±0.20b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c
	鱧肠	3.60±2.06a	0.30±0.34b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.61±0.73a		0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b	0.00±0.00b
	节节菜	1.60±0.68a	0.72±0.53b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c	1.22±0.58a		0.46±0.17b	0.00±0.00c	0.00±0.00c

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