摘要： 设施蔬菜生产受管理技术水平所限导致养分投入量远远大于作物需求量，其中过量磷素投入不仅无法提高产量，大量磷素在土壤积累反而容易引发磷素向水体迁移，进而威胁水环境安全。通过调查和田间定位试验，研究了土壤磷素淋溶阈值、不同肥料投入量、投入方式及灌水模式下设施土壤磷素淋失风险及淋失量，评价了不同水分、养分管理对磷素淋失的阻控效果。结果表明，北方设施蔬菜石灰性土壤中存在2个Olsen-P和CaCl₂-P的拐点，分别为58.39，257.45 mg/kg。该地区使用土壤Olsen-P 60 mg/kg作为淋溶阈值，260 mg/kg的土壤Olsen-P作为磷肥投入控制阈值对现阶段推荐施肥依据更为合理。以该阈值为评价标准，传统施肥灌溉模式磷素淋失风险极大，西红柿-甜瓜轮作周年磷素淋失量可达4.91 kg/hm²。仅降低磷肥投入25%，只能降低磷素淋失18.11%；配合水分管理则可降低磷素淋失34.47%~44.07%；或调整有机无机磷投入比例为3/4有机肥配合1/4无机肥比传统施肥也可降低磷素淋失39.66%。在此基础上，提出设施土壤基于磷素淋溶阈值和投入控制阈值的有机肥安全施用技术，对达到蔬菜生产和环保双赢具有重要现实意义。

关键词: 设施土壤, 磷素淋失, 环境阈值, 防控技术, 面源污染

Abstract: Greenhouse vegetable production plays an important role in increasing of China's agriculture efficiency and farmer's income. However, due to the relatively backward management level, the amount of nutrient input is far greater than the demand of crops. Excessive phosphorus (P) input can not only fail to improve the yield, but also lead to the migration of P into water bodies due to the accumulation of large amounts of P in soil, thus threatening the safety of water environment. A field experiment was conducted to study the environmental threshold of P and the risk and amount of P leaching in protected soils under different fertilizer magnitudes, methods, and irrigation patterns, and to evaluate the effects of different water and fertilizer managements on P leaching. The results showed that there were two change-points of Olsen-P and CaCl₂-P in calcareous soil of northern greenhouse, which were 58.39，257.45 mg/kg, respectively. We recommended that 60 mg/kg be used as leaching threshold and 260 mg/kg soil Olsen-P be used as control threshold of P fertilizer input in this area at the present stage. Taking these thresholds as the evaluation standard, there was a high risk of P leaching in traditional water and fertilizer managements, with the annual P leaching of 4.91 kg/ha. Reducing P input by 25%, the P leaching loss could only be reduced by 18.11%, while combining with drip irrigation or integration of water and fertilizer, P leaching could be reduced by 34.47% to 44.07%;or adjusting the proportion of organic and inorganic P input to 3：1, P leaching could also be reduced by 39.66%, comparing with traditional managements.At last, we proposed the manure safe application technology based on P leaching threshold and control threshold of P fertilizer input of greenhouse soil, which is of great practical significance to achieve a win-win situation of vegetable production and environmental protection.

Key words: Greenhouse soils, P leaching, Environmental threshold, Prevention technology, Non-point source pollution

中图分类号: 

• S143.2

• X53

• X523

• S363