为探明不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制水分利用的影响,通过秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂等水分调控措施,进行了不同灌水量对小麦、玉米生长发育和产量、土壤水分及水分利用等方面的影响研究.结果表明:合理灌水有益小麦群体发育,提高成穗数量、株高、穗粒数和千粒重,从而促进小麦增产,其中以补充灌水1 200 m3/hm2效果最佳,增产11.83%;但过多灌水反而影响小麦产量,补充灌水2 400 m3/hm2减产1%,并影响玉米产量.小麦灌水处理的玉米分别比对照增产7.31%～16.1%,其中补充灌水1 800 m3/hm2增产效果最佳,增产16.1%.夏秋两季作物产量结果表明,河南省中产灌区在秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂的情况下,小麦-玉米两熟制最佳补充灌溉量为1 200～1 800 m3/hm2.土壤含水量动态变化表明,秸秆覆盖与保水剂相结合,并进行适量补充灌水有利于改善和补偿土壤水分,而且有影响全年作物生长的趋势.玉米收获后,土壤有效养分和有机质有所下降,表明种植夏玉米应追施适量磷、钾肥,同时加大夏季作物秸秆的还田量,以提高土壤有机质.
To investigate the effect of different water condition on water use of wheat-corn,application of the straw-mulching,nutrition water-retaining agent and different irrigation were carried out to research the wheat-corn growth,yield,soil moisture and water utilization.The result indicated that rational irrigation plays an active role to wheat population dynamics developing and improve wheat spike length,plant height,spike grains,1 000 grains weight and yield.The highest wheat yield was 1 200 m3/hm2 of supplement irrigation,it increased 11.83% comparing to CK.The worst one was 2 400 m3/hm2 of supplement irrigation,it minus 1.0%.The more important thing was the irrigation of wheat could affect the corn yield,which of them improves 7.31% to 16.15% comparing to CK,and the best one was 1 800 m3/hm2 of supplement irrigation.The result of wheat-corn yield stated the best volume of complement irrigation was 1 200 m3/hm2 to 1 800 m3/hm2 under the application of straw-mulching and nutrition water-retaining agent for wheat-corn two crops harvest system in mid-production irrigated zone in Henan province.The changes of soil moisture stated progressively that the straw-mulching and nutrition water-retaining agent application could improve and compensate soil moisture and affect the tendency of crop growth and development in a year.The result of soil nutrition changes stated it's necessary to apply phosphate and ium fertilizer and add straw recession volume for autumn crop.
[1] 武继承,王志和,何方,等.不同技术措施对降水和土壤养分的影响[J].华北农学报,2005,20(6):73-76.
[2] 武继承,杨稚娟,何方,等.试论河南省旱地节水农业发展的有效途径[J].河南农业科学,2006(1):5-8.
[3] 黄风球,杨立光,黄承武,等.化学节水技术在农业上的应用效果研究[J].水土保持研究,1996,3(3):118-124.
[4] 杜晓东,王丽娟,刘作新.保水剂及其在节水农业上的应用[J].河南农业大学学报,2000,34(3):255-259.
[5] 管秀娟,武继承.保水剂在农业上的应用及发展趋势[J].河南农业科学,2007(7):13-17.
[6] 史福刚,武继承,杨占平.农业生产中保水剂经济有效用量及其影响因子分析[J].河南农业科学,2009(2):57-59.
[7] 杨永辉,武继承,何方,等.保水剂用量对冬小麦光合特征及水分利用的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2009,27(4):131-135.
[8] 杨永辉,武继承,吴普特,等.秸秆覆盖与保水剂对土壤结构、蒸发及入渗过程的作用机制[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(5):70-75.
[9] 史福刚,杨稚娟,王志勇.水分条件对保水剂增产效应的影响[M] //梅旭荣,蔡典雄,逄焕成,等.节水高效农业理论与技术.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2004:226-228.
[10] 汪立刚,武继承,王林娟.保水剂有效使用的土壤水分条件及对小麦的增产效果[J].土壤,2003(1):80-82.
[11] 武继承,王志和,徐建新.河南省旱作节水农业建设的技术途径[M].郑州:黄河水利出版社,2006:52-74.
[12] 武继承,郑惠玲,史福刚,等.不同水分条件下保水剂对小麦产量和水分利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2007,22(5):41-43.
[13] 孔祥旋,杨占平,武继承,等.限量灌溉对冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响[J].华北农学报,2005,20(5):64-66.
[14] 程俊,武继承,尚莉,等.限量灌溉对冬小麦农艺性状与水分利用效率的影响[J].河南农业科学,2008(7):57-60,76.
[15] 林心雄,文启孝,徐宁.广州地区土壤中植物残体的分解速率[J].土壤学报,1985,22(1):47-55.
[16] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000:150-151,180,194.
