通过6个灌溉处理的田间试验,研究了不同灌溉次数和灌溉量对麦田60 cm土层土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)淋失以及冬小麦各个生育阶段氮素吸收转移的影响.试验结果显示,水分条件影响土壤NO3--N的含量和分布,土壤NO3--N含量随着灌水次数和灌水量的增多而降低,而且集中分布在20~40 cm土层.冬小麦植株在返青期不灌水处理积累的氮素最高,拔节期后显著低于其他灌水处理(P<0.05),开花-成熟期,灌1水、2水和3水处理植株积累氮高于灌4水和5水处理.花后叶中氮向穗部的转移率为82%左右,且随着灌溉量的增大而升高,茎中氮的转移率偏低,平均5%.成熟期,花后叶茎(未考虑根)及花后植株同化氮素对穗部的贡献率分别为34%,32%,34%,植株总氮在穗部的分配比之间无显著差异,灌3水处理氮素吸收效率最高.上述结果表明,灌水量促进土壤NO3--N向下淋溶,使土壤60 cm以上NO3--N含量降低,不利于作物吸收.适度干旱有利于冬小麦植株氮素的积累和吸收利用效率的提高.花后营养器官氮向穗部的转移率叶>茎,穗中氮约66%来源于营养器官的转移,34%来源于花后同化氮量.权衡水分利用效率和氮素吸收利用率,灌2水或3水是华北地区较好的灌溉选择.
金欣欣
,
张喜英
,
陈素英
,
孙宏勇
,
王彦梅
,
邵立威
,
高丽娜
. 不同灌溉次数和灌溉量对冬小麦氮素吸收转移的影响[J]. 华北农学报, 2009
, 24(4)
: 112
-118
.
DOI: 10.7668/hbnxb.2009.04.023
A field experiment involving six irrigation treatments (from none to five irrigation application),was to de2 termine the effects of irrigation amount and frequency on the nitrate nitrogen (NO3 - 2N) in soil layers (0 - 60 cm) and the translocation of accumulation nitrogen in wheat plants. The experimental results showed that the water condition had an impact on the amount and distribution of NO3 - 2N in soil.NO3 - 2N amount significantly decreased as irrigation frequency increased when partial NO3 - 2N can be collected in soil depth of 20 - 40 cm. The irrigation none treatment had a highest nitrogen accumulation at the stage of sowing to rejuvenating,then remarkably lower than the other treatments at 0. 05 probability level. Irrigation frequency fromone to three had a higher nitrogen accumulation amount than four and five after anthesis. The post2anthesis nitrogen translocation rates from leaves and stems to spikes were 82 % and 75 % respectively. Rate of leaf nitrogen translocation rose with increasing irrigation frequency,but stem translocation rate reversely. Contribu2 tion of nitrogen from leaves,stems and post2anthesis assimilation nitrogen to spikes were 34 %,32 % and 34 % after an2 thesis. The distribution rate of nitrogen accumulation in spikes had no significant difference between treatments at maturi2 ty. Irrigation two and three had a higher uptake and utilization efficiency of nitrogen from soil. From above we concluded sufficient irrigation amount led soil NO3 - 2N to leak and low soil nitrate had no helpful for nitrogen assimilation in wheat plants.Moderate water deficit was favorable for nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen uptake efficiency and water utilization efficiency to increase. The translocation rate from leaves was larger than from stems,and 66 % of spike nitrogen came from vegetative organs nitrogen mobilization,the other 34 % was derived from post2anthesis assimilation nitrogen. So irrigation two or three was a reasonable irrigation method for balancing water2nitrogen utilization efficiency in north china plain.
[1] 张忠学,于贵瑞.华北高产粮区农用水资源可持续利用对策研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(1):68-71.
[2] 李志勇,陈建军,陈明灿.不同水肥条件下冬小麦的干物质积累、产量及水氮利用效率[J].麦类作物学报,2005,25(5),80-83.
[3] 王晓凤,刘文良,潘志勇.不同水氮处理对冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用效率的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2007,26(增刊):741-745.
[4] 王晓英,贺明荣,刘永环.水氮耦合对冬小麦氮肥吸收及土壤硝态氮残留淋溶的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(2):685-694.
[5] 王朝辉,王兵,李生秀.缺水与补水对小麦氮素吸收及土壤残留氮的影响[J].应用生态学报,2004,8(8):1339-1343.
[6] Plaut Z,Butow B J,Blumenthal C S,et al.Transport of dry matter into developing wheat kernels and its contribution to grain yield under post-anthesis water deficit and elevated temperature[J].Field Cpors Research,2004,86:185-198.
[7] 王晨阳,郭天财,彭羽.花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响[J].作物学报,2004,30(10):1031-1035.
[8] 贾丽华,费良军,程东娟.不同灌溉施肥方式的土壤硝态氮分布特性试验研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2008,26(2):44-48.
[9] 王丽英,张国印,刘微,等.施肥和灌溉对冬小麦土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J].河北农业科学,2005,9(5):12-15.
[10] 彭正萍,王艳群,薛世川,等.不同施肥处理对冬小麦干物质积累及土壤养分垂直分布的影响[J].中国农业科技导报,2007,9(6):95-99.
[11] Xu Z Z,Yu Z W,Wang D,et al.Nitrogen accumulation and translocation for winter wheat under different irrigation regimes[J].Agronomy and Crop Science,200591:439-449.
[12] 赵俊晔,于振文.不同强筋小麦品种产量、品质、和氮素利用的差异[J].华北农学报,2006,21(4):58-61.
[13] 王树亮,田奇卓,李娜娜.不同小麦品种对氮素吸收利用差异及其分类研究[J].华北农学报,2008,23(增刊):213-219.
[14] 王小燕,于振文.不同施氮条件下灌溉量对小麦氮素吸收转运和分配的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10):3015-3024.
[15] 王月福,姜东,于振文.氮素水平对小麦籽粒产量和蛋白质含量的影响及其生理基础[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5):513-520.
[16] Palta J A,Kobata,Turner N C,Fillery I R.Remobilization of carbon and nitrogen in wheat as influenced by post-anthesis water deficit[J].Crop Science994,34:118-124.
[17] Lloveras J,Lopez A,Ferran J,et al.Bread-making wheat and soil nitrate as affected by nitrogen fertilization in irrigated mediterranean conditions[J].Agronomy Journal,2001,93:1183-1190.
[18] 沈建辉,戴廷波,荆奇.施氮时期对专用小麦干物质和氮素积累、转运及产量和蛋白质含量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2004,24(1):55-59.
[19] 赵俊晔,于振文.高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收分配利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(4),484-490.
[20] 陈晓远,罗远培.土壤水分变动对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2001,6(1):96-103.
[21] 李世娟,周殿玺,李建民.限水灌溉下不同氮肥用量对小麦产量及氮素分配利用的影响[J].华北农学报,20016(3):86-91.
[22] Diez J A,Caballero R,Roman R,et al.Integrated fertilizer and irrigation management to reduce nitrate leaching in central Spain[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2000,29:1539-1547.
[23] 郑成岩,于振文,马兴华.高产小麦耗水特征及干物质的积累与分配[J].作物学报,2008,34(8):1450-1458.
[24] 张永丽,于振文.水量对小麦氮素吸收、分配、利用及产量与品质的影响[J].作物学报,2008,34(5):870-878.
[25] Smith C J,Whitfield D M.Nitrogen accumulation and redistribution of late applied of 15N labeled fertilizer by wheat[J].Field Crop Research990,24:211-228.
[26] 李世娟,周殿玺,诸叶平.水分和氮肥运筹对小麦氮素吸收分配的影响[J].华北农学报,20027(1):69-75.