周年肥料运筹对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系周年产量的影响

李 晋,刘小丽,李文广,刘振华,杨珍平,黄春国,孙 敏,高志强

(山西农业大学 农学院,山西 太谷 030801)

摘要:为探究投入总量固定情况下,肥料在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中最佳的分配方式,在保障粮食产量的同时,促进化学肥料的合理使用,为农业生产提供科学施肥的理论依据,在垣曲县冬小麦复播夏玉米田进行田间试验。试验采用二因素裂区设计。施肥投入参考当地农户常规施用量即纯氮420 kg/hm2。以小麦/玉米两季肥料分配比为主区,设置3个水平126/294,210/210,294/126 kg/hm2;副区为小麦季基肥与拔节期追肥配比,6水平为10∶0,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5,4∶6,3∶7。小麦收获后复种夏玉米。在两季作物成熟期分别取样进行测定。结果表明,小麦季施肥量为126 kg/hm2,玉米季施肥量为294 kg/hm2时,两季作物均能得到高产,且小麦季产量间差异达到显著水平(P<0.05),周年产量相比增加12.98%,4.25%。不同的基追比管理对于小麦的影响不同,采用6∶4的管理方式有利于穗的形成,产量较不追肥处理增加了12.86%;在这种管理方式下,肥料偏生产力也较高。相关分析表明,增大小麦季的追肥比例有利于后作玉米千粒质量的提高。在本试验条件下,小麦季最佳的基追比为6∶4;施氮量420 kg/hm2以小麦-玉米分配比例3∶7时效果最佳。

关键词:冬小麦-夏玉米;肥料运筹;基追比;周年产量

冬小麦-夏玉米一年两作是晋南地区常见的种植模式。在实际生产中,农民为追求高产在两季作物均施入大量化肥,一方面投入增加而经济效益降低,另一方面也容易造成土壤环境问题,如土壤板结、土壤养分片面消耗、肥力下降等[1-2];适当减少肥料投入并不会引起小麦-玉米体系产量降低[3]。对于单季小麦或玉米施肥量、施肥时期等问题已经有了大量文献记载,但是将两季作物作为一个整体,考虑周年肥料运筹的相关研究较少,而且各地区自然环境的差异也会造成试验结论不适用,因此,确定适合当地的肥料运筹方式显得尤为重要。大量研究表明,适当追肥能够增强小麦抗倒伏能力[4],提高小麦生育后期根系活力,延缓衰老[5-6],同时提高小麦籽粒蛋白含量和氮肥利用效率[7-11]。但不同地区肥料投入量及基/追肥比例不尽相同[12-13]。对于夏玉米来说,播种时肥料一次性作基肥施入,可以达到省工、节肥、高产、高效的目的,同时增加植株氮磷钾积累量,提高夏玉米氮肥利用效率,减少肥料损失[14-17]

山西省垣曲县是典型旱作雨养农业区,该区年降水量600~800 mm,热量资源充足,冬小麦复播夏玉米为当地常见种植模式,但生产上农民通常在两季作物施用等量的氮磷钾复合肥750 kg/hm2(纯氮210 kg/hm2),且多为“一炮轰”,极易造成小麦拔节期因缺水缺肥而生长受限、降低产量。基于减肥高效目的,本试验拟在周年肥料总用量不变的基础上,配套小麦季播种施肥一体机、玉米季种肥同播机,探讨两季作物肥料用量不同、小麦季拔节期遇雨补充追肥对小麦、玉米单季产量及冬小麦-夏玉米体系周年总产量的影响,为冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系确定周年肥料合理运筹提供理论依据,也为基于微喷灌或滴灌设施建设而将部分旱地麦田改造成为春浇一水肥麦田提供支撑。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验在山西省运城市垣曲县长直乡鲁家坡村十倾园冬小麦复播夏玉米田进行。该区年平均气温13.5 ℃,年积温4 900 ℃,年日照时数2 026.2 h,年降水量600~800 mm且集中在5-9月,年蒸发量1 200 mm,全年无霜期236 d左右,属暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候,也是典型旱作雨养农业区。试验田为山顶梯田,土壤类型为褐土性红立黄土,土质为中壤土。0~20 cm耕层土壤基本性质为:土壤全氮含量0.87 g/kg,碱解氮含量41.13 mg/kg,速效磷含量14.58 mg/kg,有机质含量11.51 g/kg,pH值8.0。

1.2 供试作物

小麦(Triticum aestivum L.),烟农21号,冬性,生育期中等,具有较强的抗寒、抗旱和抗倒伏能力。玉米(Zea mays L.),联创808,生育期102 d。上述品种均由侯马市金色农田有限公司提供。

1.3 试验方案

固定周年复合肥用量分别为N 420 kg/hm2 、P2O5 90 kg/hm2 、K2O 90 kg/hm2。试验采用裂区设计。以小麦/玉米肥料分配比为主区,设置3个水平126/294,210/210,294/126(分别记为F1、F2、F3);副区为小麦季基肥与拔节期追肥配比,6水平为10∶0,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5,4∶6,3∶7(分别表示为R1、R2、R3、R4、R5、R6)。2016年9月30日在前茬玉米收获后按试验设计机械化秸秆还田并深施基肥,然后采用机械化宽窄行探墒沟播技术播种小麦,宽行25 cm,窄行12 cm,播量为112.5 kg/hm2。2017年4月15日小麦拔节期按试验设计遇雨追肥。2017年6月12日小麦收获后,硬茬直播玉米,采用机械化种肥同播技术,玉米行距60 cm,株距30 cm,播量为25 kg/hm2,肥料用量按照试验设计,种、肥间距10 cm。田间管理同常规。

1.4 取样及产量考种

小麦成熟期在每个处理选取3点,每点取1 m2调查穗数,并从中取20穗统计穗粒数、千粒质量;玉米成熟期每个处理选取3个6.6 m2的点,统计穗数,选取有代表性的地段连续取20穗,统计穗粒数、千粒质量;计算理论产量;成熟期每个小区分别收获,小麦按照13%、玉米按照14%的籽粒含水量计算产量。

1.5 数据统计与分析

氮(磷、钾)肥偏生产力(kg/kg)=施氮(磷、钾)区作物产量/施氮(磷、钾)量。

使用Excel(2010)软件进行数据整理与制图;使用SAS 9.4统计分析软件进行多重比较,多重比较采用Duncan法(P<0.05);使用R软件进行相关分析及数据可视化。

2 结果与分析

2.1 周年肥料运筹对小麦产量及产量构成因素的影响

从产量结果来看(表1),减少小麦季肥料投入,小麦产量增加,且各施肥水平下产量差异显著;随着小麦季追肥比例的增加,产量表现为先增后减,实际产量与理论产量表现一致。R3、R4相比不追肥R1处理产量增加12.86%,9.98%。

除F1处理外,R3、R4的基追比相比于无追肥(R1)显著提高小麦产量。追肥比例占30%~60%,对理论产量有增产效果;而实际产量增加则为追肥比例在40%~60%,造成差异的原因可能是因为山顶梯田地块间的肥力不均所导致。

表1 不同处理冬小麦产量

Tab.1 Winter wheat yield under the different treatment t/hm2

注:同列小写字母表示不同基追比处理间显著性;同行大写字母表示各施肥水平间显著性P<0.05。表2-4同。

Note:Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different ratios of base to topdress;Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different fertilizer amount,P<0.05.The same as Tab.2-4.

指标Items基∶追Ratio of base totopdressing小麦季施氮量The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the wheat seasonF1F2F3均值Mean实际产量R15.24±0.21aA4.83±0.04bB3.46±0.13dC4.51±0.76bReal yieldR24.75±0.10bA4.68±0.11bcB3.71±0.12cC4.38±0.47bcR35.38±0.15aA5.21±0.10aA4.68±0.16aB5.09±0.30aR45.37±0.31aA5.21±0.26aA4.30±0.17bB4.96±0.47aR54.92±0.31abA4.75±0.16bcB3.78±0.10cC4.49±0.50bR64.62±0.11bA4.46±0.11cA3.74±0.21cB4.27±0.38c均值Mean5.05±0.30A4.86±0.27B3.94±0.41C理论产量R16.79±0.60abA5.27±0.34bB4.56±0.60bB5.54±0.93cTheoretical yieldR25.73±0.46bcA5.66±0.46abA5.62±0.18aA5.67±0.05bcR36.95±0.47aA6.32±0.45aB5.48±0.50abC6.25±0.60aR46.65±0.22abA5.88±0.62abA5.54±0.48abA6.03±0.46abR56.61±0.43abA6.18±0.54aAB5.50±0.22abB6.10±0.46abR65.51±0.52cAB6.14±0.50aA4.94±0.15abB5.53±0.49c均值Mean6.37±0.55A5.91±0.36B5.29±0.39C

小麦产量构成要素结果(表2)表明:小麦穗数随着肥料投入的减少逐渐增加,且各施肥水平间差异显著;穗粒数则表现为F3处理显著低于另外2个处理。小麦季采用不同的基追比未显著影响千粒质量和穗粒数的构成。穗数随着追肥比例的增加表现为先增后减的变化趋势,在基追比为6∶4时有最大值。增加追肥比例,F3中穗数与千粒质量先增后减;F2处理在4∶6时穗数有最大值;F1处理下,小麦千粒质量、穗数表现为先减后增再减的变化趋势,在5∶5处最大,而穗粒数在6∶4处达到最大值。

由此可见,适当降低小麦季肥料投入并采用合理的追肥措施利于获得小麦高产,肥料投入过高、追肥比例过大均不利于产量的形成。在当前试验条件下,小麦季减氮40%(F1)同时采用6∶4的基追比管理,显著增加小麦穗数,同时在千粒质量、穗粒数方面表现较好。

2.2 周年肥料运筹对夏玉米产量及产量构成要素的影响

玉米季产量结果如表3所示:增加玉米季肥料的分配比例,其理论产量也随之增加,各施肥水平间差异达到显著;小麦季追肥用量不同,对于玉米不同施肥水平下的影响也不尽相同。常规施肥(F2),小麦季R4、R5处理有利于玉米产量形成;而在增量(F3)或减量(F1)水平下,R4增产效果显著优于R5。

玉米实际产量差异未达显著水平。F3处理中实际产量表现与理论产量表现一致,小麦季采用5∶5的基追比能得到最大产量。F1、F2 2种分配方式的施肥量下,小麦季采用不同的基追比对后作玉米实际产量未达到显著影响,但以6∶4的处理下产量最高,结果表现与理论产量存在差异,可能是由于夏玉米生育期较短且生长当季降雨量大,土壤中氮素易被淋洗或因反硝化作用而产生损失,造成玉米对肥料的利用不足,未能达到理想的增产效果。

从夏玉米产量构成要素(表4)来看,3种分配方式玉米千粒质量、穗粒数之间差异未达到显著水平;穗数则表现为F2处理显著高于F3。前作小麦不同的基追比对夏玉米穗数、穗粒数没有产生显著影响;小麦追肥比例增加(R6),玉米千粒质量比不追肥显著增加,但F1、F2各处理间差异不显著,6∶4的基追比能得到较大的千粒质量。

表2 不同处理小麦产量结构

Tab.2 Winter wheat yield composition under the different treatments

指标Items基∶追Ratio of base totopdressing小麦季施氮量The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the wheat seasonF1F2F3均值Mean穗数/(104/hm2)R1498±14.42bA466±8.02cB442±13.73cC469±22.93bTotal earsR2462±9.10cA489±18.50abcA469±7.69abA473±11.44bR3507±7.38abA504±12.22abA486±13.22aA499±9.27aR4528±16.43aA480±19.67bcB469±3.71abB492±25.61aR5509±14.90abA510±7.30aA455±6.65bcB491±25.69aR6493±17.41bA479±18.50bcAB442±6.65cB471±21.51b均值Mean500±20.04A488±15.11B461±15.86C穗粒数/粒R136±1.00abA31±1.00aA30±0.43aA32±2.62aGrains per earR233±1.15bA32±0.66aA35±0.50aA33±1.24aR337±0.52aA35±1.09aA30±1.01aB34±2.94aR433±0.36bA34±1.73aA32±1.02aA33±0.81aR536±0.48abA35±0.94aA33±0.52aA35±1.24aR633±0.56bAB35±0.67aA29±0.54aB32±2.49a均值Mean35±1.70A34±1.60A32±2.06B千粒质量/gR138.17±0.82aA36.54±0.39aA34.73±0.53bA36.48±1.41a1000-grain weightR237.95±0.42aA36.67±0.34aAB34.75±0.58bB36.46±1.32aR336.64±0.34abA35.57±0.17aA38.21±0.33aA36.81±1.08aR437.76±0.32aA36.13±0.39aA36.93±0.33abA36.94±0.67aR535.76±0.10abAB35.07±0.77aB37.16±0.68abA36.00±0.87aR634.20±0.38bB36.91±0.57aAB38.05±0.20aA36.39±1.61a均值Mean36.75±1.41A36.15±0.65A36.64±1.42A

表3 不同处理夏玉米产量

Tab.3 Maize yield under different treatments t/hm2

指标Items基∶追Ratio of base totopdressing(小麦)玉米季施氮量The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the (wheat)maize seasonF1F2F3均值Mean实际产量R16.17±0.32aA5.90±0.36aA5.86±0.12abA5.97±0.12aReal yieldR25.93±0.37aA4.85±0.58aA5.65±0.12bA5.48±0.46bR36.17±0.52aA6.07±0.16aA5.99±0.09abA6.07±0.07aR45.97±0.27aA5.98±0.38aA6.18±0.10aA6.04±0.09aR55.92±0.12aA6.00±0.45aA5.65±0.12bA5.86±0.15abR66.15±0.38aA5.93±0.17aA5.94±0.30abA6.01±0.10a均值Mean6.05±0.11A5.79±0.42A5.88±0.19A理论产量R18.36±0.32bA8.32±0.37abA7.84±0.07abA8.17±0.24bTheoretical yieldR28.37±0.31bA7.87±0.26abAB7.71±0.25bB7.98±0.27bR38.54±0.23abA8.36±0.30abA7.99±0.27abA8.30±0.23bR49.04±0.13aA8.45±0.55abA8.43±0.27aA8.64±0.28aR58.01±0.16bA8.63±0.27aA7.75±0.52bA8.13±0.37bR68.53±0.44abA7.66±0.15bA7.95±0.24abA8.05±0.36b均值Mean8.48±0.31A8.23±0.34B7.95±0.23C

随着玉米季肥料投入的减少,前作小麦较高的追肥比例有利于其千粒质量的形成;穗粒数整体表现与施肥量呈正相关,小麦季采用5∶5,4∶6的基追比,玉米产量构成在3种分配方式下表现较好;这可能是实际产量与理论产量产生差异的原因。

2.3 肥料运筹对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系周年产量的影响

从图1可得,两季作物不同的肥料分配对于周年产量有较大的影响。单季作物中,玉米产量在各处理间差异不显著,周年产量主要受到小麦季产量的影响。由图可知,在周年肥料投入固定时,F1优于F2、F3处理,该方式相对增产12.98%,4.25%;对于小麦季不同的施肥管理措施,周年产量的最大值集中出现在6∶4与5∶5处,且3种分配方式在6∶4处的产量相比于无追肥管理增产14.48%,5.14%,1.26%。

表4 玉米季产量构成要素

Tab.4 Summer maize yield composition under the different treatments

指标Items基∶追Ratio of base totopdressing(小麦)玉米季施氮量The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the(wheat)maize seasonF1F2F3均值Mean穗数/(104/hm2)R111±0.56aA12±0.17aA10±0.57aA11±0.82aTotal earsR212±0.35aA11±0.15aA11±0.20aA11±0.47aR312±0.50aA11±0.15aA10±0.25aA11±0.82aR412±0.28aA12±0.17aA10±0.52aA11±0.94aR510±0.58aB13±0.25aA10±0.53aB11±1.41aR610±0.20aB13±0.57aA10±0.15aB11±1.41a均值Mean11±0.90AB12±0.82A10±0.37B 穗粒数/粒R1561±1.53aA548±2.52aA523±1.53aA544±15.77aGrains per earR2532±1.16aA468±0.87aA533±3.06aA511±30.41aR3548±2.52aA551±1.73aA527±2.52aA542±10.68aR4568±3.22aA557±1.72aA511±1.73aA545±24.69aR5538±2.00aA549±1.53aA544±3.22aA544±4.50aR6538±2.89aA463±3.06aA488±3.79aA496±31.18a均值Mean548±13.06A523±40.55A521±17.80A 千粒质量/gR1584.75±2.31aA571.59±1.74aA557.68±0.42bA571.34±11.05b1000-grain weightR2594.59±3.06aA550.66±0.99aA584.99±1.06abA576.75±18.86bR3612.82±1.50aA585.34±0.56aA591.83±2.03abA596.66±11.73abR4559.76±1.33aA602.69±1.71aA570.72±0.37bA566.17±18.21bR5589.32±0.22aA581.60±1.28aA597.41±4.04abA589.44±6.45abR6581.76±1.31aA557.58±1.96aA626.00±1.00aA642.00±28.33a均值Mean587.16±15.83A574.91±17.44A588.11±21.50A

不同小写字母表示不同基追比间差异显著性;不同大写字母表示不同肥料分配之间差异显著性,P<0.05。

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different ratio of base to topdress;Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different fertilizer amount.

图1 不同肥料分配方式下小麦-玉米周年产量

Fig.1 Annual wheat-maize yield under different fertilizer management

2.4 肥料偏生产力

偏生产力是反映化肥施用效应的一个指标,周年肥料投入固定的情况下,不同的肥料分配方式其偏生产力如表5,结果表明,肥料以3∶7的周年分配应用时,氮肥、磷肥、钾肥均有较高偏生产力,3种分配方式间达到显著水平。小麦季不同肥料管理措施对于肥料偏生产力影响如表6所示,采用6∶4的基追比管理,其N、P、K肥的偏生产力除5∶5处理外,显著高于其他处理。

2.5 施肥量与产量及产量构成要素之间相关性分析

相关分析如图2所示,结果表明,小麦季施肥量与产量的各项指标表现为负相关,且与穗数、穗粒数达到显著水平;玉米产量与当季施肥量表现为负相关;小麦季增加追肥比例,不利于小麦千粒质量及产量的形成,但有利于后作玉米千粒质量的提高。

表5 不同肥料运筹下N、P、K肥在周年产量中的偏生产力

Tab.5 Partial productivity of N,P and K fertilizers in annual output under different fertilizer management kg/hm2

注:大写字母表示0.05水平上各分配方式差异的显著性。

Note:Different uppercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different managements.

肥料中养分元素Nutrient elements in fertilizer小麦/玉米周年肥料运筹Annual fertilizer management for wheat/corn F1F2F3N26.42±0.64A25.34±1.38B23.39±1.30CP、K123.31±2.98A118.27±6.47B109.14±6.06C

表6 小麦各基追比处理下肥料在周年产量中的偏生产力

Tab.6 Partial productivity of fertilizer in annual yield under the treatments of different base dressing ratios of wheat

注:小写字母表示0.05水平上小麦季不同基追比处理之间差异显著性。

Note:Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference at 0.05 level between different ratio of base to topdressing.

肥料中养分元素Nutrient elementsin fertilizer小麦季基追比Ratio of base to topdressing in wheat seasonR1R2R3R4R5R6N24.96±1.28bc23.46±1.95d26.58±0.60a26.20±0.69ab24.63±1.86cd24.47±1.07cdP、K116.49±10.21bc109.50±9.10d124.05±2.80a122.25±3.23ab114.95±8.70cd114.18±4.97cd

X1、X2、X3、X4、X5、X6、X7、X8、X9、X10、X11、X12分别表示小麦季施肥量、玉米季施肥量、小麦季追肥比例、小麦穗数、小麦穗粒数、小麦千粒质量、玉米穗数、玉米穗粒数、玉米千粒质量、小麦季产量、玉米季产量、周年产量;*.P<0.05;**.P<0.01。

X1,X2,X3,X4,X5,X6,X7,X8,X9,X10,X11,X12 respectively indicate the amount of fertilizer applied in the wheat season,the amount of fertilizer applied in the maize season,the ratio of topdressing in the wheat season,the number of wheat ears,the number of wheat grains per ear,the thousand-grain weight of wheat,the number of maize ears,the number of maize ears,the thousand-grain weight of maize,the yield of wheat season,the yield of maize season,and the annual yield;*.P<0.05;**.P<0.01.

图2 施肥量与产量及产量构成要素相关性分析

Fig.2 Correlation analysis of fertilizer amount,yield and yield components

3 讨论与结论

农田生产中,作物生长发育受自然因素影响较大,在周年肥料投入固定的情况下,如何分配、如何施用对产量有极大的影响。本试验结果表明,周年施氮量420 kg/hm2时,小麦季与玉米季肥料分配为3∶7,小麦季在拔节期追肥且基追比为6∶4时有最大产量。对于两季作物肥料分配问题,在考虑产量的同时还应考虑环境效益[18],席吉龙等[19]在运城麦区研究表明,在冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系中,周年施氮水平为450 kg/hm2,两季作物最适分配为5∶5;韩小伟等[20]研究表明,肥料分配为6∶4时,会引起玉米后期供氮不足,在5∶5时,干物质积累最高,但肥料分配对小麦产量无显著影响,夏玉米积累量与肥料投入呈正相关;薛泽民等[21]研究表明,在两季作物肥料分配接近5∶5时,产量最高。对于小麦季追肥比例和追肥时期,前人研究拔节期追肥且基追比为6∶4时能够提高小麦生育后期抗旱能力,增加产量[22-24],与本试验结果基本一致。玉米季理论产量表现与肥料投入量呈正相关的关系,但该季肥料投入量并未引起实际产量显著增加,可能是由于周年肥料投入总量相同或者夏玉米生育时期较短、对于肥料消耗相对较少;研究表明,在一定范围内增加施肥量能够显著增加玉米产量,但是过量施肥反而降低玉米产量[25-28];此外,夏玉米生育期内降水较多,容易引起氮素淋溶,降低当季作物对肥料的利用率[29-31];相关分析也表明,当前试验条件下,玉米季施肥量与当季产量表现为负相关,因此,后续需开展降低周年肥料投入总量的研究。

从两季作物产量构成要素来讲,夏晓亮等[32]研究表明,小麦季拔节期追肥可以控制无效分蘖的发生,优化群体结构;增强管理可以提高小麦的千粒质量以及穗粒数[33];在本试验条件下,拔节期追肥主要提高冬小麦成穗数,与前人研究基本一致;但与刘保华等[34]研究结果:在5∶5的条件下,有利于小麦千粒质量与干物质积累存在差异,原因可能是由于试验中种植品种不同。对于玉米来说,随着当季施肥量的增加,玉米百粒质量随着施氮量的增加而增加[35];丁民伟等[36]研究表明,玉米施氮量过低,容易导致穗粒数减少不利于产量形成,确定当地最适施氮量为300 kg/hm2。巨晓棠等[37-38]则认为,冬小麦对氮肥更敏感,两季作物的肥料分配应该以冬小麦为主,同时可以减少氮素损耗。该结果与本试验存在差别,可能是由于本试验中秸秆还田,对于土壤养分有一定的补偿作用。余坤等[39]试验表明,秸秆还田可以提供一定的养分,促进苗期的生长;此外,有研究表明[40-41],秸秆还田的情况下,小麦季的肥料分配可以减少。这些可能是导致本试验与前人研究存在差异的原因。

肥料偏生产力是评价肥料效应的适宜指标。本试验中,两季作物以3∶7的分配比例其肥料偏生产力有较好的效果。

综合产量及肥料中养分元素的偏生产力考虑,在周年肥料投入纯氮420 kg/hm2 的水平下,当地冬小麦-夏玉米肥料分配为小麦季∶玉米季=3∶7,且小麦季拔节期追肥比为6∶4时,是当地最适的肥料运筹方式。

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Effect of Annual Fertilizer Management on Annual Yield of Winter Wheat-Summer Maize Rotation System

LI Jin,LIU Xiaoli,LI Wenguang,LIU Zhenhua,YANG Zhenping,HUANG Chunguo,SUN Min,GAO Zhiqiang

(College of Agriculture,Shanxi Agricultural University,Taigu 030801 China)

Abstract In order to explore the best distribution method of fertilizer in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system under the fixed total input.While ensuring food production,promote the rational use of chemical fertilizers and provide a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization for agricultural production.A field experiment was carried out in winter wheat replanted summer maize field in Yuanqu County.The experiment was designed as two-factor split plot.The main-plot was wheat/maize two-season fertilizer distribution ratio,with three levels of 126/294,210/210,294/126 kg/ha and sub-plot was the ratio of wheat season basal fertilizer and jointing top dressing,and the 6 levels were 10∶0,7∶3,6∶4,5∶5,4∶6,3∶7.After the wheat was harvested,summer maize was replanted.Samples were collected during the harvest period for yield and yield composition.The results showed that when the fertilizer amount in wheat season was 126 kg/ha and corn season was 294 kg/ha,both crops could get high yield,and the difference in wheat yield reached a significant level(P<0.05).The annual output increased by 12.98%,4.25%.Different base dressing ratio management had different effects on wheat.The 6∶4 management method was beneficial to the formation of ears.Yield increased by 12.86% compared with no top dressing treatment.Under this management method,fertilizer partial productivity was also higher.Correlation analysis showed that increasing the ratio of topdressing in wheat season was beneficial to increase the 1000-kernel weight of corn.Under the conditions of this experiment,the best ratio of base to dress in the wheat season was 6∶4.It was suggested applying N 420 kg/ha with 3∶7 nitrogen distribution ratio between winter wheat and summer maize would gain the highest yield.

Key words:Winter wheat-summer maize; Fertilizer management; Ratio of base to topdressing; Annual yield

中图分类号:S512.1;S513

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-7091(2020)增刊-0241-09

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20191634

收稿日期:2020-08-07

基金项目:国家科技支撑计划课题(2015BAD23B04-02);公益性行业(农业)科研专项项目(201503120);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-03-01-24)

作者简介:李 晋(1997-),男,山西长治人,在读硕士,主要从事作物生态与旱作农业研究。

通讯作者:杨珍平(1973-),女,山西朔州人,教授,博士,博士生导师,主要从事作物生态与旱作农业研究。