施用保水剂对半干旱地区玉米生长发育的影响

吴阳生1,2,王天野 1,2,王呈玉1,2,李 桥1,2,黄梓源1,2,刘淑霞1,2

(1.吉林农业大学 资源与环境学院,吉林 长春 130118;2.吉林省商品粮基地土壤资源可持续利用重点实验室,吉林 长春 130118)

摘要:为了探究保水剂对玉米生长发育的影响,以吉林省西部半干旱地区盐渍化土壤为研究对象,通过设计不施用保水剂(CK)与施用保水剂(SAP)2种处理,采用田间试验的方法,对玉米出苗率、土壤含水量、地上地下干物质质量、产量性状、光合性状和籽粒品质进行了研究,旨在为半干旱地区抗旱增产提供理论依据。结果表明,与CK相比,SAP处理可使玉米提前出苗2 d,提高玉米出苗率4.6%;SAP处理能显著提高玉米不同生育期不同土层含水量,其中抽雄期提高效果最为显著,不同土层增幅为9.67%~16.06%;抽雄期玉米叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率相较于CK分别提高了13.68%,19.53%,22.56%,12.94%。灌浆期玉米叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率相较于CK分别提高了11.09%,33.31%,15.27%,23.65%;SAP处理能显著提高玉米不同生育期地上和地下干物质质量,其中对玉米拔节期增幅最为明显,地上和地下干物质质量增幅分别为32.52%,30.14%;SAP处理能够改善产量构成因素,进而提高玉米产量和籽粒品质,其中玉米株高、单穗质量、千粒质量和产量相较于CK分别提高了29.72 cm、16.04 g、7.52 g和8.14%;蛋白、脂肪和淀粉干基分别提高了10.65%,3.97%,0.99%。说明施用保水剂有利于玉米生长发育和增产,其可以作为半干旱地区盐渍化土壤抗旱增产重要措施之一。

关键词:保水剂;半干旱地区;玉米;生长发育

我国是世界农业大国,玉米作为农业中最为重要的农作物之一,在国民经济建设中有着举足轻重的作用[1],吉林省西部白城地区是玉米种植主产区[2],但是该地区多为盐渍化土壤,保水、保肥能力差,全年降雨量少且时间分布不均衡,加之当地时常高温,干旱经常发生,干旱缺水严重制约着玉米的増产[3-4]。土壤保水剂可以有效提升土壤保水保肥能力,缓解旱情。保水剂又称高吸水性树脂(Superabsorbent Polymers, SAPs),是一种具有三维网络结构、且能够吸收自身重量几百倍甚至几千倍水的高分子材料,具有良好的保水性能,可以反复吸水释水[5-7],目前广泛应用于土地荒漠化防治、农林抗旱保水等方面[8-10]。刘纪霜等[11]研究发现,土壤含水量和土壤孔隙度会因为施用保水剂而提高,进而改善土壤理化性状。李中阳等[12]研究表明,施用保水剂可显著提高小麦水分利用效率。迄今关于保水剂的研究较多,但其土壤多为壤土和黏土,对于半干旱地区盐渍化土壤施用保水剂研究较少,针对以上问题,本研究通过在白城地区盐渍化土壤设计田间试验,研究施用保水剂对玉米不同生育期土壤含水量、地上地下干物质重、光合性状、产量以及籽粒品质的影响。为半干旱地区盐渍化土壤抗旱增产,合理施用保水剂提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 试验地概况

试验地点吉林西部通榆县瞻榆镇向阳村(44°13′N,122°02′E),地处松辽平原西部,地势平坦,属北温带大陆性季风气候,平均海拔160 m,年均匀气温6.6 ℃,极端最低气温-25.9 ℃,极端最高气温40.5 ℃,无霜期162 d,年降雨量332.4 mm。土壤类型为盐渍化土壤,肥力较低。其表层(0~20)理化性质为: pH值8.5、有机质17.06 g/kg、碱解氮46.86 mg/kg、速效磷11.64 mg/kg、速效钾85.55 mg/kg。

1.2 试验设计

试验设置不施用保水剂(CK)、施用保水剂(SAP)2个处理,每个处理3次重复,每个小区垄长50 m共6垄、垄宽65 cm、株距15 cm、小区面积195 m2,试验采用随机区组试验排列。保水剂用量22.5~30.0 kg/hm2,与肥料一起施用到地里。施肥量根据当地的测土配方施肥的结果而定,具体无机肥料用量为N 231.2 kg/hm2、P2O5 85.9 kg/hm2、K2O 110 kg/hm2,秸秆用量为3 000 kg/hm2,磷钾肥秸秆做基肥一次性施用,氮肥的2/3做追肥。2018年5月3日播种,10月4日收获。2018年降雨量为356.6 mm,供试玉米为 领科128,保水剂为自制的保水剂。

1.3 测定项目与数据分析

采用质量烘干法测定含水率和玉米干物质重,用SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定玉米活体叶片叶绿素含量,使用LI-6400XT光合系统分析仪测定穗位叶光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度,用1241型近红外谷物品质分析仪(丹麦FOOS公司产)测定籽粒淀粉、脂肪和蛋白质含量(干基%)。采用Excel 2016、SPSS 19.0等统计软件进行分析处理,结果用平均值表示,P<0.05为差异显著。

2 结果与分析

2.1 保水剂对玉米出苗率的影响

由表1可知,施用保水剂(SAP)处理的玉米出苗速度和出苗率均高于不施用保水剂(CK)。其中出苗速度比CK快2 d,而出苗率比CK提高了4.6百分点。

表1 保水剂对玉米种子出苗的影响
Tab.1 Effect of water retaining agent on
emergence of corn seed

处理Treatment播种(月-日)Planting date出苗(月-日)Germination date出苗率/%GerminationpercentageCK05-0405-1692.1SAP05-0405-1496.7

2.2 保水剂对土壤含水量的影响

由表2可知,在玉米整个生育期,抽雄期和乳熟期土壤含水率低于苗期和完熟期。与不施用保水剂(CK)相比,施用保水剂(SAP)处理能显著(P<0.05)提高玉米不同生育期不同土层土壤含水量,其中抽雄期提高效果最为明显,不同土层增幅为9.67% ~16.06%。表层土壤(0~20)含水量由于受外界环境影响,水分蒸发损失较大,增幅较低。

表2 保水剂对玉米不同生育期含水量的影响
Tab.2 Effect of water retaining agent on moisture content of corn in different growth stages cm

生育期Growth period处理Treatment0~2020~4040~6060~8080~100V1CK15.14±0.47b15.76±0.43b16.74±0.19b16.57±0.26b17.21±0.41bSAP16.11±0.29a17.18±0.37a18.22±0.21a18.53±0.30a19.19±0.67aVTCK10.65±0.15b11.77±0.29b12.56±0.11b12.76±0.45b14.45±0.49bSAP11.79±0.28a13.23±0.12a14.16±0.29a14.88±0.21a16.77±0.09aR3CK11.38±0.15b12.04±0.23b12.46±0.12b12.47±0.23b13.07±0.20bSAP12.22±0.19a12.69±0.15a13.28±0.45a13.50±0.27a13.93±0.23aR6CK15.28±0.21b16.55±0.29b16.93±0.16b17.24±0.34b18.21±0.18bSAP16.86±0.33a18.69±0.20a18.58±0.11a18.35±0.16a19.10±0.24a

注:V1.苗期;VT.抽雄期;R3.乳熟期;R6.完熟;表中数据后不同小写字母表示相同土层相同生育期不同处理差异达显著水平P<0.05。表3-6同。

Note: V1.Seedling stage; VT. Tasseling stage; R3.Milk-ripe stage;R6.Physiological maturity; Different lowercase letters a and b after the data in the table indicate that there are significant differences between different treatments in the same soil layer during the same growth period(P<0.05).The same as Tab.3-6.

2.3 保水剂对玉米不同生育期光合性状的影响

表3结果表明,施用保水剂(SAP)处理能显著(P<0.05)提高抽雄期和灌浆期玉米叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率。其中抽雄期SAP处理玉米叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率与不施用保水剂(CK)相比分别提高了13.68,19.53,22.56,12.94百分点,灌浆期SAP处理玉米叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率与CK相比分别提高了11.09,33.31,15.27,23.65百分点。

表3 保水剂对玉米光合性状的影响
Tab.3 Effect of water retaining agent on photosynthetic characteristics of maize

生育期Growth period处理Treatment净光合速率/(μmol/(m2·s))Net photosynthetic rate气孔导度/(mmol/(m2·s))Stomatal conductance蒸腾速率/(mmol/(m2·s))Transpiration rate叶绿素含量/(mg/dm2)Chlorophyll contentVTCK31.75±1.82b0.205±0.009b4.12±0.09b52.87±0.70bSAP37.95±1.47a0.252±0.020a4.65±0.13a60.10±1.11aR3CK23.14±1.65b0.203±0.008a2.65±0.10b57.73±3.30bSAP30.85±1.50a0.234±0.010b3.28±0.07a64.13±1.12a

2.4 保水剂对玉米干物质质量的影响

由表4可知,施用保水剂(SAP)处理各生育期地上干物质质量和地下干物质质量均显著(P<0.05)高于不施用保水剂(CK)。不同生育期SAP处理对地上干物质质量和地下干物质质量的影响有所不同,与CK相比,不同生育期SAP处理对地上干物质质量的增幅为V6>V12>VT>R3>R6,其中拔节期(V6)增幅达到了32.52%。地下干物质质量的增幅为V6>VT>V12>R3>R6,其中拔节期(V6)和抽雄期(VT)增幅为30.14%,29.46%。

表4 保水剂对玉米干物质质量的影响
Tab.4 Effect of water retaining agent on the dry weight of corn g

生育期Growth period地上干物质质量Above ground dry matter weight地下干物质质量Underground dry matter weightCKSAPCKSAPV619.74±0.72b29.25±1.80a2.14±0.25b3.06±0.28aV1262.22±1.57b78.01±2.38a12.26±0.54b17.09±0.18aVT182.08±7.72b220.29±13.18a16.42±0.66b23.28±0.50aR3268.80±12.50b318.89±12.60a13.44±0.17b18.73±0.33aR6396.05±11.83b463.14±12.65a11.78±0.48b15.73±0.33a

注:V6.拔节期;V12.大喇叭口期。

Note: V6.Jointing stage; V12. Trumpet stage.

2.5 保水剂对玉米产量性状的影响

从表5可以看出,与不施用保水剂(CK)相比,施用保水剂(SAP)处理能显著(P<0.05)提高玉米株高、单穗质量、千粒质量和产量。其中株高增加了29.72 cm,单穗质量增加了16.04 g,千粒质量增加了7.52 g,产量提高了8.14百分点。穗长、轴粗和行粒数与CK相比虽增加不显著,但均有不同程度的提高。

表5 保水剂对玉米产量及其构成因子的影响
Tab.5 Effect of water retaining agent on corn yield and its constituent factors

处理Treatment株高/cmPlant height穗长/cmEar length轴粗/cmSpike-staik crude行粒数/粒Kernel numberper row单穗质量/gSingle earweight千粒质量/g1000-kernel weight产量/(kg/hm2)Actual yieldCK202.75±4.9a22.63±0.81a2.93±0.06a38.33±2.5a302.89±7.4a502.95±2.8a8 799.97±349.26aSAP232.47±6.4b23.80±0.36a3.17±0.15a40.67±1.5a318.93±8.5b510.47±2.9b9 616.64±265.25b

2.6 保水剂对玉米籽粒品质的影响

表6结果表明,施用保水剂(SAP)能显著(P<0.05)提高玉米籽粒蛋白、脂肪和淀粉干基含量。其中与不施用保水剂(CK)相比,蛋白、脂肪和淀粉干基分别提高了10.65,3.97,0.99百分点。施用保水剂对玉米籽粒蛋白干基影响较大,而对脂肪和淀粉干基影响较小。

表6 保水剂对玉米籽粒品质的影响
Tab.6 Effect of water retaining agent
on corn grain quality %

处理Treatment蛋白Protein脂肪Fat淀粉StarchCK7.47±0.01a4.60±0.03a73.28±0.12aSAP8.36±0.02b4.79±0.03b74.01±0.12b

3 结论与讨论

本研究结果表明,利用保水剂的保水和吸盐性能,在播种期墒情不好的情况下,施用保水剂能提高半干旱地区盐渍化土壤玉米出苗时间和出苗率。这与许紫峻等[13]研究结果一致。由于保水剂能在雨水或灌溉水量较少的时候迅速吸收水分,在土壤墒情不好时缓慢释放水分以提供作物吸收利用,所以当土壤水分亏缺时,作物生长发育不会受到限制[14]。在本试验中,施用保水剂能显著提高玉米不同生育期不同土层含水量,其中抽雄期提高效果最为显著,不同土层增幅为9.67%~16.06%。与对照组不施用保水剂(CK)相比,施用保水剂(SAP)能显著提高地上和地下干物质质量,尤其是地下干物质质量,这表明保水剂对根系的促进作用较大,进而促进玉米生长发育。

叶绿素含量的消长规律是反映叶片生理活性变化的重要指标之一,同时也反映叶片光合作用的强弱[15-17],而光合产物的积累与产量密切相关。本研究结果表明,SAP处理能显著提高抽雄期和灌浆期玉米叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率。这可能是由于施用保水剂的作物能够获得比较充足的水分,可以减少干旱胁迫所产生的自由基对叶绿素及光合电子传递系统的伤害,进而提高了叶片的光合速率[18-19]。玉米籽粒品质是衡量玉米营养和经济价值的重要指标之一[20],与对照组CK相比,SAP能显著提高玉米籽粒蛋白、脂肪和淀粉干基含量。其中对玉米籽粒蛋白干基影响较大,而对脂肪和淀粉干基影响较小。本研究产量分析结果表明,SAP处理能显著提高玉米株高、单穗质量、千粒质量和产量。这与张丽华等[21]研究结果一致。

综上所述,通过在半干旱地区盐渍化土壤施加保水剂,能提高玉米出苗率,改善水分亏缺期土壤含水量、提高地上地下部分干物质质量、光合性状,促进玉米生长发育,改善产量构成因素,进而提高玉米产量和籽粒品质。

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Effect of Water Retaining Agent on Growth and Development of Maize in Semi-arid Area

WU Yangsheng1,2, WANG Tianye1,2, WANG Chengyu1,2, LI Qiao1,2, HUANG Ziyuan1,2, LIU Shuxia1,2

(1.College of Resources and Environment, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China;2.Key Laboratory of Soil Resource Sustainable Utilization for Jilin Province Commodity Grain Bases, Changchun 130118, China)

Abstract In order to explore the effect of water-retaining agent on maize growth and development, saline soil in semi-arid area of Western Jilin Province was taken as the research object. Through designing two treatments of non-application of water-retaining agent (CK) and application of water-retaining agent (SAP), field experiments were conducted to study maize seedling emergence rate, soil moisture content, dry matter weight above and below ground, yield traits, photosynthetic traits and grain quality. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for drought resistance and yield increase in semi-arid areas. The results showed that compared with CK, SAP treatment could advance maize seedling emergence by 2 days and increase maize seedling emergence rate by 4.6%. SAP treatment could significantly increase water content in different soil layers at different growth stages of maize, and the most significant effect was at heading stage, with an increase of 9.67%-16.06% in different soil layers. Compared with CK, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of tasseling stage maize increased by 13.68%, 19.53%, 22.56% and 12.94% respectively.Compared with CK, the chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of maize were increased by 11.09%, 33.31%, 15.27% and 23.65%, respectively;SAP treatment could significantly increase the dry matter weight of maize at different growth stages, especially at jointing stage, with the dry matter weight of above-ground and below-ground increasing by 32.52% and 30.14% respectively; SAP treatment could improve the dry matter weight of maize leaves at jointing stage. Yield components further improved maize yield and grain quality, in which plant height, spike weight, 1000-grain weight and yield increased by 29.72 cm, 16.04 g, 7.52 g and 8.14% compared with CK, and protein, fat and starch dry base increased by 10.65%, 3.97% and 0.99%, respectively. The results showed that the application of water-retaining agent was beneficial to the growth and yield of maize, and it could be used as one of the important measures for drought resistance and yield increase of saline soil in semi-arid areas.

Key words: Water retaining agent; Semi-arid area; Corn; Growth and development

中图分类号:S513.01

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-7091(2019)增刊-0064-05

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20190394

收稿日期:2019-05-29

基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFD0300405-4)

作者简介:吴阳生(1994-),男,安徽安庆人,在读硕士,主要从事施肥与环境研究。吴阳生、王天野为同等贡献作者。

通讯作者:刘淑霞(1969-),女,吉林辽源人,教授,博士,主要从事施肥与环境研究。