翻耕深度对连作烟地土壤物理特性、烤烟生长发育及产质量的影响

查宏波,赵 芳,陈 旭,陶永萍,李文陆,桂龙凤,赵声春,倪 霞,吕家锋

(云南省烟草公司昭通市公司,云南 昭通 657000)

摘要:为探索昭阳烟区连作烟地翻耕深度对烟株生长发育和产质量的影响,通过田间随机区组小区设计,对翻耕深度20 cm(T1)、25 cm(T2)、30 cm(T3)3个处理和CK(15 cm)进行了试验研究,结果表明:旺长期处理T2与T1容重、土壤孔隙度,与T3容重在0.05水平有显著差异。不同处理在不同时期烟株的根、茎、叶干物质积累T2较大,其次为T3和T1,CK最差。T3根结线虫发病最轻,发病率为25.23%,与CK在0.05水平有显著差异;病情指数T3(4.04)

关键词:烤烟;翻耕深度;土壤;物理特性;生长发育;产质量

云南省昭通市昭阳区烤烟种植历史悠久,是全市烤烟主产烟区,但受人均耕地面积少的制约和农业产业结构调整的影响,烤烟种植连作现象突出。长期的烤烟连作会导致土壤理化性状发生变化,造成土壤板结,土传病害增加,导致烤烟田间生长迟缓,植株矮小,产质量降低[1-5],进而影响烟叶内在化学成分协调性和香吃味等感官评吸质量。翻耕是农业生产的重要措施之一,翻耕的深度根据土壤质地、气候状况、翻耕时间及作物类别等多种因素而定。合理深耕能加厚耕层,疏松、熟化土壤,改善土壤的水、气、热状况和营养条件,建立良好土壤构造,提高土壤的有效肥力,消除杂草,降低病虫害,促进作物增产。通过开展翻耕深度试验,旨在为当地连作区域烤烟生产相关技术措施的改进提供参考依据。

1 材料和方法

1.1 供试材料

供试品种:云烟85。供试肥料:烟草专用复合肥(N∶P2O5∶K2O =11∶15∶23)基施,KNO3(N∶K2O=14∶44)和50% K2SO4追施,施肥量为纯氮105 kg/hm2

1.2 试验设计

2018年在云南省昭阳区布嘎乡花鹿坪村,东经 103°43′46″,北纬 27°13′17″,海拔高度1 964 m,选择土地平整,连作3年烟地,肥力中等、均匀,冬闲,土壤类型为黄壤。单因素随机区组试计,4个处理,分别为:对照(CK):翻耕深度15 cm、T1:翻耕深度20 cm、T2:翻耕深度25 cm、T3:翻耕深度30 cm。3次重复,共12个小区,每小区面积55.66 m2,行距110 cm,株距55 cm。4月11日采用膜下小苗方式移栽,田间管理严格按照当地优质烤烟生产技术标准进行操作。

1.3 测定项目及方法

1.3.1 土壤物理特性检测 分别于烤烟移栽前、旺长期、采烤前,按小区采集0~20 cm土壤耕层环刀土样,测定土壤容重、孔隙度、土壤水分含量。

1.3.2 烟株干物质积累测定 分别于烤烟团棵期、旺长期、采烤前,每小区采集2株烟株,烘箱105 ℃杀青后,85 ℃恒温烘干,测定根、茎、叶的干质量。

1.3.3 烤烟农艺性状调查 按照《YC/T142-2010 烟草农艺性状调查测定方法》,在成熟采烤前调查烤烟主要农艺性状。

1.3.4 烤烟根结线虫病调查 按照《GB/T23222-2008 烟草病虫害分级及调查方法》,在采烤结束后调查各处理烟株根系根结线虫发病情况,计算发病率和病情指数。

1.3.5 烤烟经济性状调查 按小区进行烟叶采烤,测定各处理产量、上等烟比例和中等烟比例。

1.4 数据统计分析

试验数据采用Microsoft Office Excel 2003和SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。

2 结果与分析

2.1 不同处理对耕层土壤物理特性的影响

由表1可以看出,移栽前土壤含水量CK>T3>T1>T2,旺长期土壤含水量T2>T1>T3>CK,采烤前土壤含水量T3>CK>T1>T2。移栽前土壤容重T1、T2、T3均为1.16 g/cm3,CK为1.13 g/cm3;旺长期土壤容重T1(T3)>CK>T2,且T2与T1、T3在0.05水平有显著差异;采烤前土壤容重T2>T1(CK)>T3。移栽前土壤孔隙度CK>T3>T1>T2;旺长期土壤孔隙度T2>CK>T3>T1,且T1与T2在0.05水平有显著差异;采烤前土壤孔隙度T3>T1>CK>T2。

2.2 不同处理烟株干物质积累情况

由表2可知,不同处理在不同时期烟株的根、茎、叶干物质积累T2较大,其次为T3和T1,CK最差。方差分析结果表明,团棵期,处理T1与T3叶、T2与CK根、T2与T3茎在0.05水平有显著性差异,处理T2与CK茎、叶在0.01水平有极显著差异。旺长期,处理T1与CK茎,T2、T3与CK叶在0.05水平有显著性差异;处理T2与T1、CK根、茎,与T3茎在0.01水平有极显著差异;处理T3与T1、CK根在0.05水平有显著性差异,茎在0.01水平有极显著差异。采烤前,处理T1与CK根、茎,T1与T3茎,T3与CK根在0.05水平有显著性差异;处理T2与CK根、茎、叶,与T1茎、叶,与T3茎在0.01水平有极显著差异;处理T3与T1叶,与CK茎、叶在0.01水平有极显著差异。

表1 不同处理不同时期耕层土壤物理特性
Tab.1 The arable layer soil physical properties of different treatment in different periods

处理Treatment土壤含水量/%Soil moisture content土壤容重/(g/cm3)Soil volume-weight土壤孔隙度/%Soil porosity移栽前Before the transplant旺长期Fast growing period采烤前Before the flue-curing移栽前Before the transplant旺长期Fast growing period采烤前Before the flue-curing移栽前Before the transplant旺长期Fast growing period采烤前Before the flue-curingT110.61±1.17a18.79±1.05a12.73±1.73a1.16±0.02a1.16±0.03a1.15±0.02a56.15±0.78a56.22±1.16b56.77±0.89aT210.07±3.30a18.99±2.11a12.72±1.63a1.16±0.05a1.07±0.06b1.16±0.03a56.07±1.90a59.72±2.40a56.19±1.25aT310.99±1.54a17.52±2.19a14.13±1.89a1.16±0.04a1.16±0.06a1.13±0.03a56.25±1.52a56.37±2.14ab57.38±1.04aCK11.82±2.28a17.43±1.03a13.36±2.36a1.13±0.04a1.11±0.00ab1.15±0.01a57.20±1.39a58.00±0.04ab56.63±0.43a

注:数据为平均值±标准差;每组数据后小写字母不同表示在0.05水平有显著差异,大写字母不同表示在0.01水平有极显著差异。表2-5同。

Note:The data were mean ± standard deviation;Different lowercase letters following the data in each group indicate a significant difference at 0.05 level, different capital letters indicate a significant difference at 0.01 level. The same as Tab.2-5.

表2 不同处理不同时期根、茎、叶干物质积累情况
Tab.2 The different treatment dry matter accumulation of tobacco plants roots, stems and leaves in different periods

处理Treatment团棵期/gRosette stage旺长期/gFast growing period采烤前/gBefore the flue-curing根Root茎Stem叶Leaf根Root茎Stem叶Leaf根Root茎Stem叶LeafT13.17±0.29ab3.17±0.29abAB28.83±0.59aAB7.33±0.25bBC16.50±0.30cC59.50±7.94ab43.83±0.76aAB55.33±4.25cBC84.67±4.80bBT23.50±0.40a3.67±0.15aA30.00±1.50aA9.00±0.46aA23.00±0.53aA69.83±5.86a44.50±1.32aA68.83±1.53aA105.67±4.86aAT32.83±0.23ab3.00±0.26bAB24.50±1.50bAB8.33±0.47aAB19.67±1.76bB67.50±3.04a43.50±1.45aAB60.00±0.89bB101.00±2.84aACK2.67±0.25b2.83±0.29bB23.67±2.78bB7.17±0.31bC14.67±1.01dC51.00±6.06b40.00±1.18bB50.67±0.64dC77.33±1.17bB

2.3 不同处理烟株根结线虫发生情况

对根结线虫发生情况调查表明(表3),CK根结

表3 不同处理烟株根结线虫发生情况
Tab.3 The root-knot nematode occurrence
of different treatment

处理Treatment发病率/%Incidence rate病情指数Disease indexT127.11±8.07ab5.27±2.18bBT228.76±0.16ab5.39±1.19bBT325.23±8.44b4.04±0.79bBCK35.12±4.23a18.64±2.40aA

线虫发病较重,发病率为35.12%,病情指数为18.64;其他3个处理发病较轻,病情指数在4.04~5.39。方差分析表明,CK发病率与T3在0.05水平有显著差异,病情指数与其他3个处理在0.01水平有极显著差异。

2.4 不同处理对烤烟农艺性状的影响

从表4可以看出,处理T2烟株株高112.85 cm,叶面积系数3.09,且在0.05水平显著高于CK。处理T3茎围12.07 cm,在0.05水平显著大于CK;节距和有效叶数各处理间无显著差异。

表4 不同处理烤烟农艺性状
Tab.4 The flue-cured tobacco agronomic traits of different treatment

处理Treatment株高/cmPlant height茎围/cmStem circumference节距/cmPitch有效叶数/片Effective leaf number叶面积系数Leaf area coefficientT1109.11±5.57ab11.69±0.21ab5.78±0.33a18.22±1.07a2.93±0.31abT2112.85±3.33a 11.75±0.16ab5.87±0.15a19.33±0.67a3.09±0.24aT3108.30±1.37ab12.07±0.25a5.83±0.18a18.61±0.92a2.83±0.25abCK105.33±1.06b11.51±0.18b5.73±0.29a18.33±0.58a2.57±0.27b

2.5 不同处理对烤烟经济性状的影响

从表5可知,处理T2烤烟经济性状最好,其次为处理T3和T1,CK烤烟经济性状最差。处理T2产量为3 005.55 kg/hm2,上等烟比例为41.59%,在0.01水平均显著高于CK;中等烟比例43.86%,在0.05水平显著高于CK。处理T3产量为2 789.55 kg/hm2,在0.05水平显著高于CK。处理T1中等烟比例为45.85%,在0.01水平显著高于CK。

3 讨论与结论

各种研究表明,深耕措施能改善土壤物理结构,提高土壤蓄水储熵能力,减少土传病害,促进作物生长发育,达到提质增产的目的[6-23]。郭海斌等[10-14]研究认为,深耕处理后,土壤容重下降、含水量增加。崔建平等[15]研究认为,土壤容重随翻耕深度增加而下降,其中表层土壤容重降幅大于深层土壤容重,土壤剖面含水率0~20 cm>20~40 cm>40~60 cm,随翻耕深度增加,0~20 cm土壤含水率呈上升趋势,20~40 cm土壤含水率变幅不大,40~60 cm土壤含水率则显著下降。童文杰等[16]研究认为,深耕处理显著降低亚表层20~40 cm土壤容重,同时显著增加该土层土壤总孔隙度和土壤毛管孔隙度。这与本研究中烤烟旺长期得到的结果基本一致,与烤烟移栽前得到的结果则相反,分析原因,这可能与当地的气候条件有关,一般来说,耕地深,耕层厚,土层松软,有利于贮水保墒。但是在某些条件下,如在多风、高温、干旱地区或季节,深耕会加剧水分丢失。因此,翻耕的适宜深度,应视作物、土壤条件与气候特点而定[17]。昭阳区本年度烤烟移栽时月平均气温15.1 ℃,比常年增加2.3 ℃,降水量7.60 mm,比常年减少75%,气温偏高,降水偏少,造成了深耕水分的加剧散失。

表5 不同处理烤烟经济性状
Tab.5 The flue-cured tobacco economic traits of different treatment

处理Treatment产量/(kg/hm2)Yield上等烟比例/%Upper grade tobacco ratio中等烟比例/%Medium grade tobacco ratio单叶质量/gSingle leaf weightT12 706.00±125.78abAB39.44±1.02abAB45.85±0.60aA10.97T23 005.55±141.74aA41.59±1.33aA43.86±0.99aAB11.23T32 789.55±123.16aAB39.67±0.34abAB41.12±3.19abAB10.25CK2 400.15±212.66bB37.59±1.15bB35.00±6.16bB9.67

童文杰等[16]进一步对烟田深耕增产增效机理进行了系统研究,认为深耕处理不仅显著增加烤烟根系绝对量,还促进根系向深层土壤生长,提高烤烟根系根深指数;并总结了深耕措施首先作用于土壤容重、孔隙等物理结构,然后影响烟田土壤蓄水储熵,促进烤烟早生快发,优化烤烟根系空间分布构型,进而作用于地上部形态建成,最终影响烟叶产量产值。战秀梅等[18-19]研究认为,深翻可以显著提高春玉米的产量、花后干物质的积累量,促进根系发育。杨章明等[20-23]研究了烟地深翻对烤烟生长发育、土传病害发生和烤烟产质量的影响,认为烟地深翻可有效提高烟株农艺性状,促进烟株长势均衡,明显改善土传病害发生情况,显著提高烟叶产质量。这与试验研究得到的结果基本相似或一致,深耕处理的烟株根、茎、叶均比对照有显著增加,且根结线虫发病显著低于对照,产量、上等烟比例等经济性状显著高于对照。

对连作烟地进行翻耕,翻耕深度25~30 cm可以改善土壤物理性状,降低根结线虫病的发生,促进烟株生长发育,改善烟株株高、茎围、叶面积系数等田间农艺性状,提高烟叶产量和上等烟比例等经济性状。

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Effects of Tillage Depth on Continuous Cropping Soil Physical Properties, Flue-cured Tobacco Growth and Development, Yield and Quality

ZHA Hongbo,ZHAO Fang,CHEN Xu,TAO Yongping,LI Wenlu,GUI Longfeng,ZHAO Shengchun,NI Xia,LÜ Jiafeng

(Zhaotong Tobacco Company of Yunnan Province,Zhaotong 657000,China)

Abstract In order to explore the effects of tillage depth on the growth, development, yield and quality of tobacco plants in the Zhaoyang tobacco-growing area, there was experimental research on the depth of the tillage to the treatments 20 cm (T1), 25 cm (T2), 30 cm (T3) and CK (15 cm) by the randomized block design in the field. The results showed that there were significantly different at 0.05 of volume-weight and soil porosity between T2 and T1 in the long-term, and there was significantly different at 0.05 level of volume-weight between T2 and T3. The T2 dry matter accumulation of tobacco plants roots, stems and leaves was comparatively large at different times, followed by T3 and T1, and CK was the worst. The root-knot nematode disease of T3 was the lightest, the incidence rate was 25.23%, and there was significantly different at 0.05 level with CK; the disease index T3 (4.04)

Key words: Flue-cured tobacco; Tillage depth; Soil; Physical properties; Growth and development; Yield and quality

中图分类号:S341.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-7091(2019)增刊-0250-05

doi:10.7668/hbnxb.20190271

收稿日期:2019-04-23

基金项目:中国烟草总公司云南省公司科技计划项目(2016YN11)

作者简介:查宏波(1974-),男,云南昭通人,农艺师,主要从事烟草栽培、生理生化等研究。